Cork-Containing Barks—A Review

Leite, Carla; Pereira, Helena

doi:10.3389/fmats.2016.00063

Cited by 76 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…Barks are a largely available residue from the timber and pulp industries mostly used for energy but increasingly considered as potential feedstocks for biorefineries given their chemical and structural diversity [163,164]. Cork is one component of bark periderms that may attain considerable proportions in some species [165]. The cork from Quercus suber (cork oak) is the basis of an important industrial chain and therefore has been extensively studied (as reviewed by Pereira [124]).…”

Section: Barksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional Variability of Lignin in Biomass

Lourenço¹,

Pereira²

2018

Lignin - Trends and Applications

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The objective of this chapter is to provide a concise overview of lignin composition and structure in different species and materials (wood, barks and nonwood plants). It includes a brief review on the lignin precursors and their polymerization as well as of the analytical tools used for lignin characterization from wet chemical to spectroscopic methods. Wood of gymnosperms is characterized by high lignin content (25-35%) and a HG-type of lignin with more guaiacyl (G) units and a small portion of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units. Wood of angiosperms has a lignin content of 15-28%, with a GS-lignin having different proportions of syringyl (S) units. Nonwoody monocotyledon species have different lignin content (9-20%) and a HGS type of lignin, characterized by a high proportion of H units. Bark lignin content ranges from 13 to 43% and is of HGS-type with species-specific composition and different in the bark components, phloem and cork. Lignin composition and macromolecular structure are key issues to understand the properties of lignocellulosic materials and to design a lignin-based pathway within biomass biorefineries. The available information on lignin composition is still limited to a few species and plant components. This is certainly an area where more research is needed.

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Section: Barksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional Variability of Lignin in Biomass

Lourenço¹,

Pereira²

2018

Lignin - Trends and Applications

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“…Since the quality of Q. variabilis cork is lower than Q. suber [113], it cannot be used for the production of solid cork, such as for wine stoppers. Instead, it is granulated and used in agglomerates for various applications, such as cork sheets, note boards, shoe material, thermal insulation material, and decorative material.…”

Section: Cork As a Multifunctional Forestry Resource Made In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctionality of Forests: A White Paper on Challenges and Opportunities in China and Germany

Benz

Chen

Dang

et al. 2020

Forests

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Both in Germany and in China, there is strong expertise regarding the different aspects of forest management, as well as forest products management. Nevertheless, forestry in both countries is facing challenges, some of which are regional, but many of which are shared. Therefore, experts from both countries (Technical University of Munich Germany; Northwest A&F University Yangling, China; Forestry Academy of Shaanxi, China; Thünen Institut, Germany; FEDRC GIZ Forest Policy Facility (Forestry Economics Development and Research Center of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH), Germany; and Center for Natural Forest Protection in Shaanxi, China) met to share their knowledge and deduce recommendations for future multifunctional forest management for the temperate zone. The workshop, held at the Northwest A&F University in September 2018, included presentations and intensive discussions, as well as a field tour. The results of the workshop that are summarized in this white paper are meant to provide an overview of the multi-faceted nature of the topic for interested scientists and forest practitioners, describe tools that can be used to analyze various aspects of multifunctionality and, in an exemplary fashion, highlight gathered experience from long- and short-term experiments. Included are social demands, economic goals, and scientific baselines. The topics reach from economic evaluations of forest ecosystem services over forest management practices, including afforestation, restoration, and preparations to face climate change, to wood/forest products utilization and participation of local people for poverty reduction. Overall, an optimistic picture emerges, showing that by using adapted forest management practices, which try to embrace the concept of multifunctionality, various use schemes and demands can be integrated at single sites, allowing us to achieve both environmental protection and productive forests, including societal demands, as well as aspects of tradition and national identity.

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“…Periderm contains cork (phellem), a tissue that differs chemically from wood and phloem by the presence of suberin as one of the cell wall structural polymers. The extent of cork proportion varies between species and some have cork-rich barks [79]. When chemically characterizing barks, it is therefore important to specify if the whole bark is analyzed or if the components are separated, i.e., in cork and phloem, for instance.…”

Section: Barksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials by Analytical Pyrolysis

Lourenço¹,

Gominho²,

Pereira³

2019

Analytical Pyrolysis

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Analytical pyrolysis is used to chemically study complex molecular materials and is applied in a wide range of fields. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process associated to the breaking of chemical bonds using thermal energy, transforming a nonvolatile compound into a volatile degradation mixture. This chapter refers to analytical pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, i.e., when pyrolysis is used for chemical characterization, applied to samples with small particle sizes, at 500-650°C, and with short residence times. The reactions that occur during pyrolysis of the structural components are discussed regarding the mechanisms and the pyrolysis products obtained from cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. A compilation of data is made on the characterization of lignocellulosic materials using Py-GC/FID(MS) or Py-GC/MS as analytical tools including woods and barks of several species. The pyrogram profiles and important parameters on lignin chemical composition such as the H:G:S relation and the S/G ratio are summarized. Analytical pyrolysis is a versatile methodology that may be applied to characterize the lignin directly on the lignocellulosic material or after isolation from the cell wall matrix (e.g., as MWL or dioxane lignin) or from pulps or spent liquors. It is therefore an excellent tool to study lignin compositional variability in different materials and along various processing pathways.

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Cork-Containing Barks—A Review

Cited by 76 publications

References 75 publications

Compositional Variability of Lignin in Biomass

Compositional Variability of Lignin in Biomass

Multifunctionality of Forests: A White Paper on Challenges and Opportunities in China and Germany

Chemical Characterization of Lignocellulosic Materials by Analytical Pyrolysis

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