Coral reef monitoring in the Iles Eparses, Mozambique Channel (2011–2013)

An Updated Account of the Vascular Flora of the Iles Eparses (Southwest Indian Ocean)

“…In spite of their reduced terrestrial area (from 30 km 2 for Europa to 1 km 2 for Tromelin; absence of terrestrial area for Bassas da India), these islands share an exceptional natural heritage including many marine and terrestrial endemic species. At a regional scale the Iles Eparses are some of the most pristine ecosystems, largely preserved from anthropogenic impacts due to their geographical isolation and a historically very limited human occupation (Le Gall et al, 1985;Barré and Servan, 1988;Le Corre and Jouventin, 1997;Le Corre and Probst, 1997;Probst et al, 2000;Le Corre and Safford, 2001;Probst et al, 2001;Durville et al, 2003;Boullet, 2005;Chabanet and Durville, 2005;Boullet, 2006;Gravier-Bonnet and Bourmaud, 2006a;Gravier-Bonnet and Bourmaud, 2006b;Quod et al, 2007;Boullet, 2008a;Boullet, 2008b;Bourjea et al, 2011;Poupin et al, 2013a;Poupin et al, 2013b;Boullet, 2014;Dumeau et al 2014;Chabanet et al, 2016;Conand et al, 2016;Poupin, 2016;Quétel et al, 2016). The Iles Eparses are among the last sanctuaries of marine and terrestrial tropical biodiversity in the southwest Indian Ocean (Quétel et al, 2016).…”

Responses of Herbivorous Fishes on Coral Reef Cover in Outer Island Indonesia (Study Case: Natuna Island)

“…Shifts are characterized by the passage from a stage of coral dominance to alternative stages of coral depletion and increased cover of algae [16]. Increasing in algae cover is harmful coral growth because the relationship between non-endosymbiotic algae and corals is reciprocally negative [16] There are several varieties of increasing the shift from live coral to algal dominance as a major concern in assessments of outer island coral reef health; overfishing, pollution and coastal community that give impact pollution and nutrient enrichment [10] and all these varieties are suspected In small Islands Indonesia such as Natuna Island.…”

“…A root cause of coral reef degradation due to anthropogenic threat is demographic growth worldwide [10]. Demographic growth cause increasing rapid growth in coastal areas.…”

“…Coral reefs are one of the richest and diverse and ecologically important marine ecosystems [1,2,3,4] and their feature has extraordinary biodiversity and a complex structure of interconnections between organisms and their environment [5,6] Among reef habitats, the richest and diverse coral reef ecosystem is found in the tropics in Indo-West Pacific region with the highest level of biodiversity particular around the islands of the Indonesia, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea [7,8,9] Unfortunately, the richest and diverse this marine ecosystem, coral reef are also among the most threated ecosystem [10] with uncertain future [6]. The degradation of coral reef habitats of marine ecosystem has become a worldwide trend [1,11,12,13], many coral reefs have lost their typical community [14] and increasingly degraded due to anthropogenic threats and stressors on global scale [15,16,17].…”

“…Demographic growth cause increasing rapid growth in coastal areas. coastal areas become the main consideration in the placement of residence status from demographic worldwide due to the natural highly diverse coral reef ecosystem service such as coastal protection, food for coastal communities and income from tourism [18], and this consideration becomes worse without any strict regulation of the sustainability of coral reef ecosystems that through disturbance to coastal zones associated with coral environments [10].…”