Coral bioerosion on the marginal reefs of northeastern Arabia

Abstract

The maintenance of coral reef framework results from a balance between skeletal accretion and bioerosion, and this balance can be disrupted by environmental stress and disturbance. Coral reefs in northeastern Arabia exist in extreme environmental conditions and have experienced severe disturbances in recent years. This study assessed the intensity of macrobioerosion in two regionally common species, Platygyra daedalea and Cyphastrea microphthalma, at three sites within the southern Persian/Arabian Gulf and at one site in the Sea of Oman. On average, bioeroders removed 9.2 ± 1.6% of the skeletal surface area in P. daedalea and 26.4 ± 1.6% in C. microphthalma, with variation between species attributed to differences in colony morphology. Bioerosion intensity varied among sites in each species. Within the southern Arabian Gulf, both P. daedalea and C. microphthalma showed the highest bioerosion intensity at Delma, in the western region, compared with that of Saadiyat or Ras Ghanada to the east, with the elevated bioerosion at Delma consistent with a history of more extreme environmental conditions and bleaching-related disturbances. The highest bioerosion in P. daedalea occurred at Fujairah in the Sea of Oman, and this site was amongst the highest in C. microphthalma. Although this site is characterized by more benign environmental conditions, reefs in this area experienced mass coral mortality due to anoxia during a large-scale harmful algal bloom in 2008/9 and the high bioerosion in Fujairah likely represents a long-term signature of this disturbance. The intensity of macrobioerosion observed here is high compared with other regions, suggesting that that chronic exposure to long-term environmental stress and a history of disturbance may lead enhanced loss of reef framework.

Insights from extreme coral reefs in a changing world

“…Evidence also continues to grow that there are trade-offs for survival across many marginal systems. Despite long-term persistence, observations that corals can have reduced calcification (e.g., Camp et al 2017;Howells et al 2018), enhanced bioerosion (e.g., Enochs et al 2016a;Al-Mansoori et al 2019), more prevalent disease (e.g., Aeby et al 2020), and various other negatively affected traits (Perry and Larcombe 2003) suggests that there are significant costs to living in marginal environments that are still not yet fully appreciated. There is also growing recognition that the potential for marginal and extreme systems to serve as refugia for other tropical reefs is increasingly coming under question.…”

Bioerosion and its relationship with skeletal density of Platygyra daedalea and Porites harrisoni in Larak Island, Persian Gulf

“…As a semi-closed sea with a mean depth of 35 m, a temperature range of 13°C-38°C and salinity above 40 (Coles, 2003;Vaughan et al, 2019), the Persian Gulf is more susceptible to boring organisms due to harsh natural and anthropogenic conditions (Al-Mansoori et al, 2019;Ditlev, 1978). These factors are also among the most important reasons for the reduction in coral reef diversity in this water body (Coles, 2003;Kavousi et al, 2011).…”