No abstract

Babesiosis is a protozoal disease caused by Babesia spp. in mammals and humans worldwide. It is one of the most important tick-borne diseases, which affects livestock productions, reproductions, and accordingly failing economy. In this, systematic review and meta-analysis, study, the prevalence of babesiosis among domestic herbivores in Iran, between 1998 and 2015, was methodically reviewed. Nine databases including five English and four Persian databases were explored. A total of 49 articles, as regards the examination of 13,547 sheep, 1920 goats, 7167 cattle, and 940 horses, corresponding to prevalence of babesiosis from different regions of Iran were gathered for our qualifying criteria. The overall prevalence of babesiosis was expected to be 14% (95% CI 12%, 16%) in domestic herbivores. Our results showed the highest prevalence in Khorasan Razavi (18.6%) and West Azarbaijan (15.2%) and the lowest in Mazandaran (8.8%) and Isfahan provinces (9.6%), respectively. The high prevalence of Babesia infection in herbivores (mostly sheep and goats) confirms the established enzootic situation of babesiosis in Iran, particularly in western and northeastern regions of the country. Our data offered important and updated information on the epidemiology of babesiosis, for the first time, in domestic herbivores in Iran, and will likely be contributing to the expansion of the screening and control strategies to reduce health and economic impacts among farm animals.

As active systems, coral reefs maintain the balance between their growth and erosion. While many studies have focused on the growth of coral reefs, some have also addressed the coral erosion process (Hutchings et al., 2005). Bioerosion is an important factor in controlling the growth rate of coral reefs, the amount of which varies with abiotic and biotic factors such as food access, contamination with organic matter, fish bioerosion, water clarity, and sedimentation (Risk et al., 1995). In a healthy coral reef, the processes of the growth and loss of the reef are in equilibrium, but this balance is lost as the reef gradually gets more exposed to erosion when the loss takes over the growth (Holmes, 2000;Pari et al., 2002). This phenomenon will have many social and economic consequences, including loss of fish habitat, reduced tourism, and coastal erosion due to waves.The mechanism of bioeroders has been widely studied (Kiene & Hutchings, 1994;Zundelevich et al., 2007). Mechanical or physical erosion is carried out by scratching the coral skeleton with the teeth in polychaetes or sponge spicule, and chemical erosion is caused by biological activities such as the production of metabolic acids or the