“…Furthermore, through the manipulation of control parameters within the framework of the Krawtchouk transform, it becomes possible to effectively capture and characterize local features present within an image. The Krawtchouk transform has demonstrated its utility in a range of image processing applications, including image reconstruction, image watermarking, and image zero-watermarking [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. The authors in [ 13 , 14 ] have evaluated the Krawtchouk transform in image reconstruction and demonstrated that it outperforms several transforms (Tchebichef, Legendre, Zernike, and pseudo-Zernike transforms) in terms of reconstruction error.…”