Coprogen, A New Growth Factor Present in Dung, Required by Pilobolus Species

Hesseltine, C. W.; Whitehill, A. R.; Pidacks, C.; Hagen, Margaret Ten; Bohonos, N.; Hutchings, B. L.; Williams, Joseph H.

doi:10.1080/00275514.1953.12024247

Cited by 48 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Thus, according to the glossary in [31]: “Coprogen (Gr. kopros=dung+gennao=I give birth): a factor in dung necessary for the growth of Pilobolus (Zygomycota).” Hasseltine and coworkers showed that the growth factor was produced in the fermentation liquors of a number of species of bacteria and fungi [30,32]. Such diversity suggests that a number of molecularly different growth factors might have been present.…”

Section: Siderophoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The name was preserved and represents a major family of the hydroxamate siderophores. It is, of course, not certain that the growth factor(s) originally described from dung and subsequently from the fermentation liquors of a number of microorganisms [30,32] were all the iron‐bearing siderophores now known as coprogen [5]. Only the name is the same.…”

Section: Siderophoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron gathering by zoopathogenic fungi

Howard

2004

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

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Iron is a metal required by most microorganisms and is prominently used in the transfer of electrons during metabolism. The gathering of iron is, then, an essential process and its fulfillment becomes a crucial pathogenetic event for zoopathogenic fungi. Iron is rather unavailable because it occurs on the earth's surface in its insoluble ferric form in oxides and hydroxides. In the infected host iron is bound to proteins such as transferrin and ferritin. Solubilization of ferric iron is the major problem confronting microorganisms. This process is achieved by two major mechanisms: ferric reduction and siderophore utilization. Ferric reductase is frequently accompanied by a copper oxidase transport system. There is one example of direct ferric iron transport apparently without prior reduction. Ferric reduction may also be accomplished by low molecular mass compounds. Some fungi have evolved a process of iron acquisition involving the synthesis of iron-gathering compounds called siderophores. Even those fungi that do not synthesize siderophores have developed permeases for transport of such compounds formed by other organisms. Fungi can also reductively release iron from siderophores and transport the ferrous iron often by the copper oxidase transport system. There is a great diversity of iron-gathering mechanisms expressed by pathogenic fungi and such diversity may be found even in a single species.

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Section: Siderophoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Siderophoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron gathering by zoopathogenic fungi

Howard

2004

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

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“…Siderophores are chemically diverse secondary metabolites that efficiently chelate iron (Albrecht‐Gary & Crumbliss, ; Hider & Kong, ). The first four siderophores were discovered in the 1950s: mycobactin, arthrobactin (Francis & Madinaveitia, ; Lochead, Burton, & Thexton, ), ferrichrome, and coprogen (Neilands, ; Hesseltine et al, ). Since the mid‐1970s, siderophores have received broader attention as iron‐binding compounds biosynthesized by numerous microorganisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectrometry‐derived systems biology technologies delineate the system's biochemical applications of siderophores

Gao

Guan

et al. 2016

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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Siderophores are chemically diverse secondary metabolites that primarily assist the host organisms to chelate iron. Siderophores are biosynthesized by many biological organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants and they are responsible for a variety of biological functions beyond capture iron. Thus, they could provide a novel understanding of host-pathogen interactions, plant physiology, disease pathogenesis, and drug development. However, knowledge gaps in analytical technologies, chemistry, and biology have severely impeded the applications of siderophores, and a new strategy is urgently needed to bridge these gaps. Mass spectrometry (MS) and associated technologies render unparalleled advantages in this niche in terms of high throughput, resolution, and sensitivity. Herein, this critical review briefly summarizes progress in the study of siderophores and specifically identifies MS-based novel strategies that attempt to mimic the complexity of siderophore systems in order to increase the applicability of these compounds in the scientific community. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:188-201, 2018.

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“…Ferrichrome and ferrichrome A (Fig. 1) belong to the former group (Emery & Neilands, 1961 ;Rogers, Warren & Neilands, 1963), as also do the albomycins (Turkova, Mikes & sorm, 1962); coprogen (Hesseltine et al 1953); ferricrocin, ferrichrysin, ferrirhodin, ferrirubin (Zahner et al 1963). The growth-promoting siderochromes, termed sideramines, may function as iron transfer cofactors in microbial iron metabolism (Neilands, 1957 ;Burnham & Neilands, 1961 ;Burnham, 1962Burnham, , 1963Zahner et al 1962).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Degradation of the Ferrichrome Compounds

Warren

Neilands

1964

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYAn unidentified Pseudomonas capable of growth on ferrichromes as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen was isolated by enrichment culture on ferrichrome A. The spectral shifts observed for the culture supernatant fluids and the degradation products which accumulated in the culture media during growth on these compounds indicated that initially the cyclic peptide rings are broken to yield simpler hydroxamates. These simpler hydroxamates were then deacylated, perhaps after reduction to the corresponding N-substituted amides.

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Coprogen, A New Growth Factor Present in Dung, Required by Pilobolus Species

Cited by 48 publications

References 4 publications

Iron gathering by zoopathogenic fungi

Iron gathering by zoopathogenic fungi

Mass spectrometry‐derived systems biology technologies delineate the system's biochemical applications of siderophores

Microbial Degradation of the Ferrichrome Compounds

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