Microbial Degradation of the Ferrichrome Compounds

Warren, R. A. J.; Neilands, J. B.

doi:10.1099/00221287-35-3-459

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Earlier reports on the occurrence of siderophore degrading bacteria have shown that strains of Pseudomonas were able to split hexapeptide siderophores of the ferrichrome family (Warren & Neilands 1964, 1965. Pseudomonas FC-1 was isolated from soil by enrichment culture on ferrichrome A as sole source of carbon and nitrogen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a novel Spirillum-like bacterium that degrades ferrioxamine-type siderophores

1996

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A novel Gram-negative Spirillum-like bacterium (ASP-1) was isolated from lake water by enrichment culture on desferrioxamine B as sole source of carbon and energy. ASP-1 was able to degrade the siderophores desferrioxamine B and E. The property of siderophore degradation was inducible in the presence of desferrioxamine B. The ferric complexes, however, were not measurably degraded but served as an iron source. Degradation of desferrioxamines in culture was followed by measuring the residual ferrioxamines colorimetrically at 430 nm after addition of iron. Degradation in cell-free assays was followed quantitatively by HPLC on a reversed-phase column measuring the time-dependent disappearance of the desferrioxamines B and E. Cell-free assays also revealed that degradation of the cyclic desferrioxamine E was rapid and complete, whereas degradation of the linear desferrioxamine B yielded two intermediate iron-binding metabolites of shorter chain length. Preparative isolation by HPLC and mass spectrometric analysis of the metabolites revealed masses at 361 and 419 a.m.u., respectively, suggesting a splitting at the two amide bonds. ASP-1 is a nitrogen fixing Spirillum bacterium which could also use ammonium and glucose or several organic acids as a carbon source but grew poorly with amino acids. Physiological comparisons with Aquaspirillum and Azospirillum failed to assign ASP-1 to any of the presently known Spirillum species. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis the strain could be placed within the radiation of the Azospirillum/Rhodocista group. The closest relative was Azospirillum irakense, showing 98.8% similarity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a novel Spirillum-like bacterium that degrades ferrioxamine-type siderophores

1996

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“…Neilands and colleagues (33)(34)(35) observed that their microbe, named Pseudomonas FC1, degraded the hydroxamate siderophores ferrichrome, ferrichrome A, and coprogen, with ferrichrome A being the most facile to degrade. Pseudomonas FC1 siderophore degradation was due to inducible enzymes and could occur with either the deferrisiderophore or the ferrisiderophore.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three siderophore-degrading microbes, a pseudomonad (33)(34)(35), Azospirillum irakense (36,37), and Mesorhizobium loti (4,7,17,39), catabolize siderophores concomitant with their growth. Neilands and colleagues (33)(34)(35) observed that their microbe, named Pseudomonas FC1, degraded the hydroxamate siderophores ferrichrome, ferrichrome A, and coprogen, with ferrichrome A being the most facile to degrade.…”

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confidence: 99%

Degradation Pathway and Generation of Monohydroxamic Acids from the Trihydroxamate Siderophore Deferrioxamine B

Pierwola¹,

Krupinski²,

Zalupski

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Siderophores are avid ferric ion-chelating molecules that sequester the metal for microbes. Microbes elicit siderophores in numerous and different environments, but the means by which these molecules reenter the carbon and nitrogen cycles is poorly understood. The metabolism of the trihydroxamic acid siderophore deferrioxamine B by a Mesorhizobium loti isolated from soil was investigated. Specifically, the pathway by which the compound is cleaved into its constituent monohydroxamates was examined. High-performance liquid chromatography and mass-spectroscopy analyses demonstrated that M. loti enzyme preparations degraded deferrioxamine B, yielding a mass-to-charge (m/z) 361 dihydroxamic acid intermediate and an m/z 219 monohydroxamate. The dihydroxamic acid was further degraded to yield a second molecule of the m/z 219 monohydroxamate as well as an m/z 161 monohydroxamate. These studies indicate that the dissimilation of deferrioxamine B by M. loti proceeds by a specific, achiral degradation and likely represents the reversal by which hydroxamate siderophores are thought to be synthesized.Elemental iron (Fe) is required to synthesize a number of key enzymes and biomolecules (1,8,14,(24)(25)(26)). Iron's biological availability, however, is restricted in those environments where oxygen gas is present and the prevailing pH is near neutrality or is alkaline. As the solution to the problem of acquiring sufficient amounts of Fe, numerous microbes employ siderophores, that is, avid, organic, microbial ferric ion chelators which sequester iron from environments where it is in short supply. Siderophores are thus essential to the nutrition of microbes existing in environments that would otherwise limit their growth (1,8,14,24,25). Such environments include fresh and marine waters, divergent soils, and living organisms (8,10,14,16,(27)(28)(29). In these ecosystems, micromolar concentrations of siderophores have been noted (16,27,28).Siderophores are virulence factors for both animal and plant pathogens (2, 3, 9-11, 18, 23). Indeed, the sequestration of iron by the host is an innate immune mechanism that may limit the course of pathogenic infections (8,14). Much research has been conducted to investigate the biosynthesis, iron chelation, iron assimilation, and genetics which allow microbes to acquire iron via siderophores. Far less attention, however, has been given to the study of how siderophores are mineralized and returned to the carbon and nitrogen cycles.Three siderophore-degrading microbes, a pseudomonad (33-35), Azospirillum irakense (36, 37), and Mesorhizobium loti (4,7,17,39), catabolize siderophores concomitant with their growth. Neilands and colleagues (33-35) observed that their microbe, named Pseudomonas FC1, degraded the hydroxamate siderophores ferrichrome, ferrichrome A, and coprogen, with ferrichrome A being the most facile to degrade. Pseudomonas FC1 siderophore degradation was due to inducible enzymes and could occur with either the deferrisiderophore or the ferrisiderophore. The enzymes required to degr...

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“…A microbe employing such a strategy would thus be prevented from denying itself a source of Fe 3+ due to the use of either the ferrisiderophore or the deferrisiderophore as a carbon source. While DFBC 5 displays the nutritional selectivity of not using the same siderophore as both a source of carbon and iron, the only other organism reported as being capable of siderophore catabolism, a bacterium termed Pseudomonas FC 1 (Warren & Neilands 1964), dissimilated both the ferri and deferrated forms of ferrichrome and ferrichrome A (Warren & Neilands 1964). While not displaying an ability to metabolize siderophores or hydroxamic acid compounds in general, Pseudomonas FC1 used ferrichrome, ferrichrome A, deferriferrichrome, deferriferrichrome A and, to a limited extent, ferric coprogen as carbon sources.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little attention, however, has been focused on how siderophores are recycled into the carbon cycle. Only two microbial isolates, one a soil pseudomonad which metabolized ferrichrome A and ferrichrome (Warren & Neilands 1964, Villavicencio & Neilands 1965, Warren & Neilands 1965, and the other a Gram-negative rod of uncertain taxonomic identity which catabolized deferrioxamine B (DFB) (Castignetti & Siddiqui 1990), have been noted to efficiently use siderophores as sole sources of carbon for growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nutritional selectivity of a siderophore-catabolizing bacterium

1993

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The ability of a siderophore-catabolizing bacterium to assimilate ferric ion was examined. While the bacterium utilizes the siderophore deferrioxamine B (DFB) as a carbon source, it was incapable of using the ferric ion analogue (ferrioxamine B) as an iron source. It did, however, assimilate the ferric ion of the chelator ferric nitrilotriacetic acid and of the siderophore ferrirhodotorulic acid (ferriRA). Neither ferriRA nor its deferrated analog (RA), however, were capable of functioning as carbon sources for the bacterium. The microbe thus employs a 'nutritional selectivity' with respect to these two siderophores. That is, it does not use the siderophore it employs as a carbon source (DFB) as an iron source nor does the siderophore utilized as an iron source, i.e. ferriRA, nor its deferrated analog (RA), serve as carbon sources for the organism.

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Microbial Degradation of the Ferrichrome Compounds

Cited by 25 publications

References 19 publications

Characterization of a novel Spirillum-like bacterium that degrades ferrioxamine-type siderophores

Characterization of a novel Spirillum-like bacterium that degrades ferrioxamine-type siderophores

Degradation Pathway and Generation of Monohydroxamic Acids from the Trihydroxamate Siderophore Deferrioxamine B

The nutritional selectivity of a siderophore-catabolizing bacterium

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