“…The metallic NPs include both metal oxides and metal NPs, whereas the metal NPs mainly include gold (Au), silver (Ag), Ti, platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), and Fe (0). The metal oxide NPs include titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) (Kiwi et al, 2014 ), zinc oxide (ZnO) (Modi et al, 2022a , 2023b ; Onyszko et al, 2022 ), iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 /Fe 3 O 4 ) (Pan et al, 2022 ; Yadav et al, 2023a ), magnesium oxide (MgO) (Dabhane et al, 2022 ), copper oxide (CuO) (Maliki et al, 2022 ), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), and many more (Ravichandran, 2010 ; Guerra et al, 2018 ). Among non-metallic ones, the most prominent are silica oxide (SiO 2 ) (Huang et al, 2022 ; Imoisili and Jen, 2022 ; Imoisili et al, 2022 ; Yadav et al, 2023c ), graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (Guerra et al, 2018 ).…”