“…A variety of adsorbents, including clays, zeolites, dried plant parts, agricultural waste biomass, biopolymers, metal oxides, microorganisms, sewage sludge, fly ash, activated carbon have been used for cadmium removal. [6][7][8][9] In recent years nanoparticles and modified nanoparticles are a new challenge in adsorption methods. Nanoparticles have unique large surface areas, well-defined pore sizes, high pore volume and high adsorption capacity, ease of modification and diversity in surface functionalization Therefore, they can also be functionalized to increase affinity to metal ions and improved selectivity in removal of metal ions.…”