Copper-bismuth-film in situ electrodes for heavy metal detection

The Use of Factorial Design and Simplex Optimization to Improve Analytical Performance of In Situ Film Electrodes

“…The simplex optimization procedure did not have a significant influence on the LOD and LOQ for these in situ FEs. These values were in the same range as reported previously [22,24,39]. The LOD is the lowest concentration where the signal can be confidently distinguished from the noise, and the LOQ is the lowest concentration at which quantification is possible.…”

“…The simplex optimization procedure did not have a significant influence on the LOD and LOQ for these in situ FEs. These values were in the same range as reported previously [22,24,39]. As mentioned above, sensitivity was evaluated based on the calibration curve's slope.…”

“…Then, the GCE was thoroughly rinsed with ultrapure water and gently wiped with a paper towel, without touching the active GCE surface. The adequacy of every preparation procedure before the SWASV experiments was tested with a hexacyanoferrate system and cyclic voltammetry, as explained previously [22]. SWASV measurements were performed at different E acc and t acc , as explained below, and using a 50 mV amplitude, a 4 mV potential step, and a frequency of 25 Hz.…”

“…However, the latter would improve the sensitivity (the slope in the case of methods with a linear response) and most likely the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). In the SWASV experiment, improved sensitivity, LOD, and LOQ frequently narrow the linear concentration range [22][23][24][25][26], which is a disadvantage in analytics. Moreover, the question arises as to how the accuracy and precision are affected by such optimization.…”

“…A combination of analytical parameters regarding the linear concentration range, accuracy, precision, LOQ, and sensitivity was considered simultaneously with the analytical performance of the method. It was shown previously that a combination of ions to form an in situ FE can improve certain analytical performance [22][23][24]. On that basis, different ions to form an in situ FE were also used in this work (however, in order to obtain the best analytical performance, a completely different approach was employed herein).…”