Coping with changes: Causes, findings, and strategies

Fricke, Ernst; Gebhard, Bernd; Negele, Herbert; Igenbergs, E.

doi:10.1002/1520-6858(2000)3:4<169::aid-sys1>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 157 publications

(117 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The failure of what was supposed 50 Influence. 51 Evaluate event, identify strategies, evaluate strategies; decision to reactivate orbiter. 52 Opportunity to exercise payload option.…”

Section: The Reactivation Of Orbiter and The Emergence Of Explorermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[51] identifies eight causes and rationales for change in product development: (1) needs and requirements, (2) feedback and complaints, (3) complexity, (4) degree of innovation, (5) change impacts, (6) communication and coordination, (7) time, and (8) decision discipline. Fricke and Schulz [24] identifies three more drivers of development change: a dynamic marketplace, technological evolution, and variety of environments.…”

Section: Principle Of Change Response and Its Corollarymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some opportunities can enable value enhancement by saving money down the line, perhaps by increasing efficiency. [51] Changes can be reactive or proactive. Reactive changes are those that occur after a threat has occurred, for example, changes in demand, service or requirements, as well as unexpected events such as failure of all or part of the system.…”

Section: Principle Of Change Response and Its Corollarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Standardizing Bodies

2016

Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS

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Complex systems in operation are constrained by legacy; in other words, the existing properties, structure, components, protocols, software, people and etc. that are inherited over time. This inheritance heavily influences the type and timing of feasible and available changes to the system, the effectiveness and desirability of their impact while accounting for uncertainty, and the future constraints imposed as a result. This thesis introduces the Strategic Evolution of Systems, a novel framework for evolving complex systems that directly addresses legacy challenges during system operation within the context of space communication networks. The framework -perspective, position, plan and pattern -is based on Mintzberg's "emergent" interpretation of strategy.This thesis also presents several unique ideas including the concept of option lock-out, or the tendency to lose access to potentially desirable regions of the architectural space when exercising a transition; an energy analogy to model static architecture value; an entropy-based formulation to evaluate the desirability, or dynamic multidimensional value, of an architecture by considering the structural and temporal space of possible transitions; and the application of the entropy-based formulation to define the overall desirability of an architecture as its position, or current situation (favorable or unfavorable) relative to accessible alternatives, in order to identify the most advantageous immediate transition.A key contribution of this thesis is a method to value legacy in a physical non-market traded system, including a demonstration of its application to a system in which benefits and costs are nonmonetary in nature. Other important contributions include a change exposure tool, referred to as a Strategic Advantage Map, to visualize the near-and long-term impact of immediate transitions relative to legacy. Here, an architecture's position relative to the legacy system can be thought of as the region of entropy space it occupies (evaluated over time and uncertainty). The more dominating this region of position entropy is, the more desirable the architecture. For monetary-based systems, a second change exposure tool includes an "Iceberg Exposure,"which maps the exposure of net present value for each accessible transition option relative to a neutral no-gain-no-loss line, resulting in a graph resembling an iceberg. The visualization tools allow decision makers to quickly evaluate the impact (risk/opportunity) of change, based on their concept of desirability.Case studies include a historical look at the NASA Deep Space Network for insight into legacy and complex system evolution, a demonstration of the Strategic Evolution of Systems framework for a global commercial satellite communication system, and an illustration of the method extended to non-monetary systems for the deployment of communication assets to support manned exploration 3 of Earth's moon. The satellite system case study introduces an extended market model that evaluates the attainable...

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“…The failure of what was supposed 50 Influence. 51 Evaluate event, identify strategies, evaluate strategies; decision to reactivate orbiter. 52 Opportunity to exercise payload option.…”

Section: The Reactivation Of Orbiter and The Emergence Of Explorermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Principle Of Change Response and Its Corollarymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Principle Of Change Response and Its Corollarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Standardizing Bodies

2016

Fundamentals of EMS, NMS and OSS/BSS

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“…Change initiated in one part of the system tends to have knock-on effects, triggering follow-up changes in other parts. This phenomenon known as change propagation Fricke et al 2000;Clarkson, Simons, and Eckert 2004) is very common to engineering products due to the high interconnectivity between their components. The first change in such a propagation chain is termed initiated change and the rest emergent changes (Eckert, Clarkson, and Zanker 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fricke et al (2000) concluded from a survey with German companies that 30% of daily work of engineers and managers is related to ECs. Maier and Langer (2011) confirmed this for Danish companies based on a survey with more than 90 engineering firms from different industry sectors and sizes in Denmark.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Industrial evaluation of FBS Linkage – a method to support engineering change management

Hamraz

Clarkson

2015

Journal of Engineering Design

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Engineering changes (ECs) are raised throughout the product life cycle and their management can determine the commercial success of products. A well-established method to support engineering change management (ECM) is the change prediction method (CPM). The function-behaviour-structure (FBS) linkage method enhances CPM with an FBS scheme and allows more detailed modelling and analysis of ECs. The goal of this paper is to provide an industrial evaluation of the FBS Linkage method. For that purpose, we provide first an overview of the FBS Linkage method, before applying it to a diesel engine design and evaluating it by a group of 10 experienced engineers from the diesel engine manufacturer. Overall, the engineers favoured the FBS Linkage method and ranked it on average 3.7 out of 5.0 against a set of 25 different requirements for ECM methods. The evaluation underlines the benefits of the method in terms of a systematic way for capturing, explaining and transferring knowledge about the product and effects of ECs on it. Identified improvement areas include more guidelines on the scope of the method, reduction of the effort required to build FBS Linkage models, and an integration of the method into other applied systems.

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Analysis of tumor markers in cytological fluid obtained from computed tomography–guided needle aspiration biopsies for the diagnosis of ground‐glass opacity pulmonary lesions

Kim

Hur

Lee

et al. 2012

Cancer Cytopathology

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BACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to assess whether analyses of tumor markers in cytological fluid can improve the performance of computed tomography (CT)‐guided needle aspiration biopsy (NAB) for the diagnosis of ground‐glass opacity (GGO) pulmonary lesions.METHODS:Forty‐two patients were prospectively enrolled for CT‐guided NAB. Levels of cytokeratin 19 fragments (CYFRA 21‐1) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) from serum and cytological fluid were measured. The cutoff values of 3.3 ng/mL for CYFRA 21‐1 and 5.0 ng/mL for CEA (threshold A) or thresholds by adding 2 standard deviations to the mean levels of markers found in patients without malignancy (threshold B) were used to identify malignancy. The sensitivity and area under the curve (AUC) of NAB alone were compared with those of NAB combined with serum or cytological tumor markers.RESULTS:Among the 42 patients, 30 (71.4%) had malignant and 12 (28.6%) had benign lesions. For NAB alone, the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC for diagnosing GGO were 70.0%, 100%, and 0.850, respectively. The sensitivity and AUC increased significantly for NAB with cytological CYFRA 21‐1 compared with NAB alone, using both thresholds (threshold A: 86.7%, P = .026 and .933, P = .016; threshold B: 93.3%, P = .008 and .925, P = .046).CONCLUSIONS:Cytological fluid measurements of CYFRA 21‐1 can improve the diagnostic performance of CT‐guided NAB for GGO pulmonary lesions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:214–222. © 2012 American Cancer Society.

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Coping with changes: Causes, findings, and strategies

Cited by 157 publications

References 8 publications

Standardizing Bodies

Standardizing Bodies

Industrial evaluation of FBS Linkage – a method to support engineering change management

Analysis of tumor markers in cytological fluid obtained from computed tomography–guided needle aspiration biopsies for the diagnosis of ground‐glass opacity pulmonary lesions

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