Coordinated flexible energy and self‐healing management according to the multi‐agent system‐based restoration scheme in active distribution network

Abstract

This study presents the optimal model of the coordinated flexible energy and self‐healing management (C‐FE&SH‐M) in the active distribution network (ADN) including renewable energy sources (RESs), electric vehicles (EVs) and demand response program (DRP).The flexible energy management (FEM) is extracted using coordination between the RESs, EVs and DRP. The self‐healing method (SHM) is related to multi‐agent system‐based restoration process (MAS‐based RP) that finds the optimal restoration pattern at the fault condition according to the different zone agents (ZAs) distributing along with the network. This method minimizes the difference between energy cost and flexibility benefit related to the FEM part and difference between the number of switching operation and priority loads restored based on the SHM part. Also, this problem subjects to power flow equations, RESs and active loads constraints, restoration process formulation and system operation limits. Stochastic programming is used to model the uncertainty of loads, energy prices, RESs and EVs. Hereupon, the suggested strategy is implemented on the 33‐bus radial distribution network and it is solved by the crow search algorithm (CSA). Ultimately, the obtained results imply the high flexibility and security of the operation, incorporating the proposed strategy, and delineate the optimal restoration scheme for the ADN.

Combined PV-Wind Hosting Capacity Enhancement of a Hybrid AC/DC Distribution Network Using Reactive Control of Convertors and Demand Flexibility

“…Hosting Capacity (HC) is known as the capacity of a distribution network for accepting the DG units, especially the renewable types such as Wind Turbine (WT) and solar PV, without violating any network limitation. An increase in Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) has some positive and negative effects on the Distribution Network Operator/Owner (DNO) [1]. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and postponing the need for network reinforcement are some of the positive effects of using RESs.…”

A Multi-Agent Approach for Self-Healing and RES-Penetration in Smart Distribution Networks

“…MAS has been studied to fulfill distribution systems' needs for fault diagnosis and service restoration and monitoring as introduced in related work in the literature [4,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In [18], the MAS design includes two main agents: a bus agent and a facilitator agent.…”

“…However, none of these studies considered the effect of DG penetration in smart grids, which is an essential capability for maintaining a secure power supply [24,25]. On the contrary, DG application was considered in [4,[14][15][16][17], where MAS was designed for service restoration. Nevertheless, [4,[14][15][16] lacked the capability of fault locating and isolation, while [17] did not take into account load priorities or different restoration scenarios.…”

“…On the contrary, DG application was considered in [4,[14][15][16][17], where MAS was designed for service restoration. Nevertheless, [4,[14][15][16] lacked the capability of fault locating and isolation, while [17] did not take into account load priorities or different restoration scenarios.…”

Self‐healing strategy to enhance microgrid resilience during faults occurrence

“…The study in Reference 18 investigated the optimal path subjected to the minimum cost flow, the iterative method has been utilized to solve the objective function proposed, which can generate more than one path. In Reference 19 presented the optimal model of the coordinated flexible energy and self‐healing management (C‐FE&SH‐M), the proposed method minimizes the difference between energy cost and flexibility benefit and the difference between the number of switching operations and priority loads restored.…”