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As promising solutions to various social and environmental issues, the generation and integration of renewable energy (RE) into microgrids (MGs) has recently increased due to the rapidly growing consumption of electric power. However, such integration can affect the stability and security of power systems due to its complexity and intermittency. Therefore, an optimal control approach is essential to ensure the efficiency, reliability, and quality of the delivered power. In addition, effective planning of policies for integrating MGs can help promote MG operations. However, outages may render these strategies inefficient and place the power system at risk. MGs are considered an ideal candidate for distributed power systems, given their capability to restore these systems rapidly after a physical or cyber-attack and create reliable protection systems. The energy management system (EMS) in an MG can operate controllable distributed energy resources and loads in real-time to generate a suitable short-term schedule for achieving some objectives. This paper presents a comprehensive review of MG elements, the different RE resources that comprise a hybrid system, and the various types of control, operating strategies, and goals in an EMS. A detailed explanation of the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of MGs is also presented. This paper aims to contribute to the policies and regulations adopted by certain countries, their protection schemes, transactive markets, and load restoration in MGs.

Energy demand has been overgrowing in developing countries. Moreover, the fluctuation of fuel prices is a primary concern faced by many countries that highly rely on conventional power generation to meet the load demand. Hence, the need to use alternative resources, such as renewable energy, is crucial in order to mitigate fossil fuel dependency, while ensuring reductions in carbon dioxide emissions. Algeria—being the largest county in Africa—has experienced a rapid growth in energy demand over the past decade due to the significant increase in residential, commercial, and industry sectors. Currently, the hydrocarbon-rich nation is highly dependent on fossil fuels for electricity generation, with renewable energy only having a small contribution to the country’s energy mix. However, the country has massive potential for renewable energy generation, such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, and hydropower. Therefore, the government aims to diversify away from fossil fuels and promote renewable energy generation through policies and renewable energy-related programs. The country’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development Plan focuses on large scale solar, wind generation as well as geothermal and biomass technologies. This paper provides an update on the current energy position and renewable energy status in Algeria. Moreover, this paper discusses renewable energy (RE) policies and programs that aim to increase the country’s renewable energy generation and its implementation status.

Energy demand has been overgrowing in developing countries. Moreover, the fluctuation of fuel prices is a primary concern faced by many countries that highly rely on conventional power generation to meet the load demand. Hence, the need to use alternative resources such as renewable energy is crucial to mitigate fossil fuel dependency alongside the reduction of Carbon Dioxide emission. Algeria’s being the largest county in Africa has rapid growth in energy demand since the past decade due to the significant increase of residential, commercial, and industry sectors. Currently, the hydrocarbon-rich nation highly dependent on fossil fuels for electricity generation, where renewable energy only has a small contribution to the country’s energy mix. However, the country has massive potential for renewable energy generations such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, and hydropower. Therefore, the government aims to diversify away from fossil fuel and promoting renewable energy generations through policies and renewable energy-related programs. The country’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Development Plan focuses on large scale solar, wind generation as well as geothermal and biomass technologies. This paper provides an update on the current energy position and renewable energy status in Algeria. Moreover, this paper discusses RE policies and programs that aim to increase the country’s renewable energy generation and its implementation status.

Growing electricity demand, the deployment of renewable energy sources and the widespread use of smart home appliances provide new opportunities for home energy management systems (HEMSs), which can be defined as systems that improve the overall energy production and consumption of residential buildings by controlling and scheduling the use of household equipment. By saving energy, reducing residential electricity costs, optimizing the utilization rate and reliability of utility companies' power systems, and reducing air pollution for society, HEMSs lead to an enhancement in the socioeconomic development of low-carbon economies. This review aims to systematically analyze and summarize the development trends and challenges of HEMSs in recent years. This paper reviews the development history of the HEMS architecture and discusses the characteristics of several major communication technologies in the current HEMS infrastructure. In addition, the common objectives and constraints related to scheduling optimization are classified, and several optimization methods in the literature, including various intelligent algorithms, have been introduced, compared, and critically analyzed. Furthermore, experimental studies and challenges in the real world are also summarized and recommendations are given. This paper reveals the trend from simple to complex in the architecture and functionality of HEMSs, discusses the challenges for future improvements in modeling and scheduling, and shows the development of various modeling and scheduling methods. Based on this review, researchers can gain a comprehensive understanding of current research trends in HEMSs and open up ideas for developing new modeling and scheduling approaches by gaining insight into the trade-offs between optimum solutions and computational complexity.INDEX TERMS Demand response, home appliances, home energy management system, optimization, renewable energy resources, smart grid.

The deployment of battery energy storage systems (BESS) can provide numerous benefits including increased renewable energy penetration, improvements in power quality and reliability, reduction of demand peaks, and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. During the implementation of BESS, one of the most crucial factors is to determine the optimal size of the BESS to permit the balance between the technical characteristics of the BESS and the additional overall cost including the economic operation of the microgrid (MG). Therefore, the optimal sizing of the BESS allows the storage of sufficient power during the change of dispatch from the distributed energy resources (DERs) or in critical events such as natural disasters. The proposed framework determines the optimal size of the BESS based on forecasting the natural disasters or the outage cases, to enhance the reliability and economic operation of the MG. In this study, two stages are proposed to determine the optimal size of BESS in the MG. The first stage is the forecasting stage, which predicts the location of the outage or the faults that may occur. In the second stage, obtain the optimal size of the BESS to minimize the total operation cost for an economic operation of the MG. The teaching-learning-based optimization (TLBO) combined with quadratic programming (QP) is applied to solve the proposed objective formulation

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The interruption in the power system has a substantial social and economic effect, especially during natural disasters and faults causing a massive outage. Therefore, the appropriate and fast diagnosis of the fault locations and service restoration should be conducted quickly to restore power to as many undamaged sections as possible. In this context, self-healing service restoration can restore power systems and enhance distribution networks' resilience. This paper proposes a novel selfhealing topology to maintain the power system's balance while prioritizing the critical loads in a micro-grid system. The micro-grid system is operated in two different modes, which are the normal mode and self-healing mode. In the normal mode, the energy management system (EMS) solves the economic power dispatch function to minimize the cost while satisfying the load demand. The self-healing mode is triggered once a fault occurred in any of the distributed energy resources (DERs). This mode aims to maximize the undamaged DERs power generation to meet the total prioritized critical loads. The metaheuristic binary teaching-learning-based optimization (BTLBO) technique is utilized to obtain the service restoration problem's optimal switching action sequence and avoid tuning the parameters to handle the problem of premature convergence. The micro-grid model is based on the IEEE 37 bus, where several disturbance scenarios have been simulated to evaluate the proposed self-healing topology's performance. The results show the proposed technique outperforms traditional self-healing methods.