Coordinated Control of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy Sources for Frequency Regulation in Microgrids

Abstract

A Control technique of electric vehicles (EVs) cooperating with ac microgrids is considered as an important role with integration of renewable energy sources (RES), i.e. wind and solar farms. As known, the intermittent power generations of these RESs can provide significant changes of the frequency in microgrids. Consequently, outputs of these generations are regarded as continuous disturbances. Previously, the ability to permit frequency stabilizing effect was usually neglected in microgrid design; thereupon, the performance of controller may be ineffective to regulate the frequency in such a microgrid. To address this problem, a new coordination of EV, wind farm (WF), and photovoltaic (PV) for microgrid frequency regulation is proposed in this article. In the control design, the proposed adaptive PI controller is developed by using practical proportional integral (PI) controllers. An effect of a small delay is also considered in input-output pairs of the adaptive PI controllers. Simulation model is developed for validating the proposed controller. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed coordinated control technique of EVs, WF, and PV power generation provides a better frequency regulation performance than a fixed PI controller under various uncertainties such as wind and solar power fluctuations, N-1 outages, disconnection of RESs, load variations, and the number of EVs.

Optimum Modified Fractional Order Controller for Future Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy-Based Interconnected Power Systems

“…The imperialist competitive optimizer algorithm (ICA) has been introduced for optimizing controller parameters. The adaptive PI control has been proposed in [28] for coordinating EVs to achieve regulated frequency of the microgrids. The application of the cascaded controllers with the ICA optimizer for controlling EVs has been presented in [29].…”

A Novel Controller Design for Small-Scale Islanded Microgrid Integrated with Electric Vehicle-Based Energy Storage Management

“…A few works are reported in advanced inverter control structures like adaptive droop control [10,30], proportional-integral (PI) controller [4], fuzzy logic [20,31,32], model predictive controllers [33] for MG control, and so on. In [31,[34][35][36][37][38], nonconventional optimization algorithms, genetic algorithms, butterfly optimization, and so on are applied to tune the controllers.…”

Research on Cooperation Between Wind Farm and Electric Vehicle Aggregator Based on A3C Algorithm

“…In recent years, as electric vehicles (EVs) are connected to the grid on a large scale, the energy storage characteristics of their on-board batteries have gradually been emphasized as an effective path to enhance the flexibility of the power system [7][8][9] . At present, using the flexibility of EVs' charging load to solve the problem of wind power consumption difficulties has become a hot topic of concern for many scholars [10] . Thereinto, in the power market, scheduling charging plans for EVs through EV aggregators can solve the problem of bidding errors by wind farms due to uncertainty in wind power output.…”