The rapid development of renewable energy power has improved global energy and environmental problems. However, with the high volatility of renewable energy, it is an important challenge to guarantee the consumption of renewable energy and the reliable operation of high percentage renewable energy power systems. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a tracking absorption strategy for renewable energy based on the interaction between the supply side and the demand side, which adjusts the charging process of electric vehicles (EVs) through electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) to realize the tracking absorption of renewable energy abandoned electricity. In view of this process, we analyze the interaction among power grid, EVA and renewable energy generation (REG) as well as their market characteristics. The master-slave game model of EVA and REG was constructed considering the charging behavior characteristics of EVs and the output characteristics of REGs. Then the model solving strategy based on soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm is proposed, and the REG pricing strategy and EVA scheduling strategy are calculated to optimize the mutual benefits. The case analysis shows that, under the same scale of electric vehicles, the proposed method can promote about 93.89% of the power abandonment consumption of wind power system, 96.00% of the photovoltaic system, and 97.41% of the wind-solar system. This strategy reduces the electricity purchase cost of EVA, promotes the interaction among renewable energy , vehicles and power grid, and improves the utilization efficiency of renewable energy.
With the continuous improvement of new energy penetration in the power system, the price of the spot market of power frequently fluctuates greatly, which damages the income of a large number of thermal power enterprises. In order to lock in the profit, thermal power enterprises should turn the main target of profit to the medium and long-term power market. With the continuous advancement of the reform in China's power system, major changes have taken place in the medium and long-term power transactions, including the transaction target, organization method, clearing method and so on, so it is urgent to explore the quotation strategy of thermal power enterprises under the medium and long term market changes. Based on the theory of game equilibrium, this paper establishes non-cooperative game and cooperative game models between thermal power companies. Considering that the traditional reinforcement learning method is difficult to solve the multi-agent incomplete information game model, this paper uses the Multi-Agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient(MADDPG) algorithm to solve the above model. Finally, the validity of the proposed model is proved by a numerical example. The results show that, compared with other reinforcement learning algorithms, when solving the multi-agent incomplete information game model, the quotation obtained by MADDPG is more accurate, the revenue is increased by 5.2%, and the convergence time is reduced by 50%.In addition, this paper finds that in the medium and long-term power market, thermal power companies are more inclined to use physical retention methods to make profits. The greater the market power of thermal power companies, the greater the probability of physical retention. When low-cost thermal power companies retain more power, they will increase market clearing electricity prices and harm market efficiency. Regulators should focus on the market behavior of such thermal power companies.
The further liberalization of China's electricity market encourages demand-side entities to participate in electricity market transactions. Electric vehicles (EVs) are developing rapidly and have high regulating potential, and are the main force for demand-side participation in the auxiliary service market. Aiming at the problems of dispatching accuracy and economy in EV participation in auxiliary service market, this paper analyzes the bidding strategy and dispatching scheme of EV-storage participation in auxiliary service market, and proposes EV-storage optimal allocation strategy with the goal of economic optimum. In the process of optimal allocation, based on the market rules of third-party subject participation in auxiliary services, the bidding strategy of EV-storage coordinated EV participation in auxiliary services market considering daily load scale changes is designed, while the conditional value at risk (CVaR) method is used to determine the short-term coordinated energy storage capacity and efficiency storage capacity considering the uncertainty of EV response situation; then, based on the annual EV load scale change, the benefit calculation function is constructed by considering various factors such as auxiliary service market revenue, spread revenue, investment cost and market opportunity cost of EV-storage participation in the auxiliary market. Finally, taking EV aggregation participation in the valley-filling ancillary service market as an example, it is verified that the strategy proposed in this paper can effectively improve the responsiveness of EV participation in the ancillary service market and increase the revenue of electric vehicle aggregator (EVA). INDEX TERMS EV; energy storage planning; coordinated dispatch of energy storage; ancillary services market; CVaR
As renewable energy sources such as wind are connected to the grid on a large scale, the safe and stable operation of the power system is facing challenges and the demand for flexibility is becoming increasingly prominent. In recent years, with the advancement of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a non-negligible flexibility resource for the power system and an emerging path to solve the renewable energy consumption problem. To address the problem of wind farms' difficulty in making profits in the power market, this paper considers the cooperation between wind farms and EV aggregators and uses the levelable characteristics of EVs charging load to ease the anti-peak characteristics of wind power. Given this, this paper proposes a cooperation mode between the wind farm and the Electric Vehicle (EV) aggregator, constructs a cooperation income and income distribution model, and solves the model using the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) reinforcement learning algorithm. Finally, based on the simulation analysis of historical data, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) the cooperation between the wind farm and the EV aggregator can effectively mitigate the negative impact of the anti-peak characteristics of wind power on profitability and achieve an increase in overall economic benefits; (2) the income distribution based on the Shapley value method ensures that the respective income of the wind farm and the EV aggregator increase after cooperation, which is conducive to the promotion of the willingness of both parties to cooperate; (3) the A3C reinforcement learning algorithm is applied to solve the model with good convergence to achieve fast and continuous intelligent pricing decisions for EV aggregators, thus optimizing the charging schedule of EVs promptly.
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