“…In the last decades, several research groups reported on various methods to enable automated plaque characterization on multi-contrast MRI by segmenting plaque components. Computer vision approaches such as shape fitting, active contours, and level sets, in combination with simple machine learning methods such as classification and clustering, were attempted early on [9,15,16,17,18,19,20,8,21,10,11,12,13,14]. In more recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNN), including U-Net, have gained increasing attention [22,23,24,25,26,27,28].…”