Cooling Systems in Data Centers: State of Art and Emerging Technologies

Capozzoli, Alfonso; Primiceri, Giulio

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.168

Cited by 148 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Air has a relatively low heat capacity compared to liquids (water or organic liquids), and is expected to be inadequate for cooling new servers. Other drivers of liquid cooling systems are the reduced cost associated with energy and space savings, and the potential of exploiting the outlet temperature of the liquid coolant to increase the reuse of waste heat (Ebrahimi et al 2014;Capozzoli and Primiceri 2015). Liquid cooling systems may have many different configurations, and several new concepts are being developed (e.g.…”

Section: Ancillary Equipment Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Data centres in future European energy systems—energy efficiency, integration and policy

2019

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End-use efficiency, demand response and coupling of different energy vectors are important aspects of future renewable energy systems. Growth in the number of data centres is leading to an increase in electricity demand and the emergence of a new electricity-intensive industry. Studies on data centres and energy use have so far focused mainly on energy efficiency. This paper contributes with an assessment of the potential for energy system integration of data centres via demand response and waste heat utilization, and with a review of EU policies relevant to this. Waste heat utilization is mainly an option for data centres that are close to district heating systems. Flexible electricity demand can be achieved through temporal and spatial scheduling of data centre operations. This could provide more than 10 GW of demand response in the European electricity system in 2030. Most data centres also have auxiliary power systems employing batteries and stand-by diesel generators, which could potentially be used in power system balancing. These potentials have received little attention so far and have not yet been considered in policies concerning energy or data centres. Policies are needed to capture the potential societal benefits of energy system integration of data centres. In the EU, such policies are in their nascent phase and mainly focused on energy efficiency through the voluntary Code of Conduct and criteria under the EU Ecodesign Directive. Some research and development in the field of energy efficiency and integration is also supported through the EU Horizon 2020 programme. Our analysis shows that there is considerable potential for demand response and energy system integration. This motivates greater efforts in developing future policies, policy coordination, and changes in regulation, taxation and electricity market design.

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Section: Ancillary Equipment Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Data centres in future European energy systems—energy efficiency, integration and policy

2019

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“…The aim of this communication is to show that model-free control might provide also a most efficient control tool with respect to air conditioning. Remark 1: 1) HVAC, i.e., heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, which is defined by Wikipedia as "the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort" (see, e.g., [29]), plays therefore a key rôle (see, e.g., [11], [28]). The corresponding numbers of publications and patents are increasing rapidly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A simple but energy-efficient HVAC control synthesis for data centers

Fliess

Join

Bekcheva³

et al. 2019

2019 International Conference on Control, Automation and Diagnosis (ICCAD)

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The air conditioning management of data centers, a key question with respect to energy saving, is here tackled via the recent model-free control synthesis. Mathematical modeling becomes useless in this approach. The tuning of the corresponding intelligent proportional controller is straightforward. Computer simulations show excellent tracking performances in various realistic situations, like CPU load or temperature changes.

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“…The performance of these systems is directly related to the temperature; therefore, it is a crucial issue to maintain the components at acceptable temperature levels. Microchannel heat exchangers have been proven to have relatively higher heat dissipation capabilities than conventional heat removal devices because of their higher heat transfer surface area to fluid volume ratio and have been widely used for electronics cooling in order to maintain the temperatures at an acceptable level. For example, to avoid permanent damage to a laptop CPU, its temperature should not exceed 80 °C to 90 °C .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Cooling Performance of Mini‐ and Microheat Exchangers

Marzougui

Nmiri

Hammami

et al. 2016

Heat Trans. Asian Res.

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This paper presents an experimental investigation of forced convection heat transfer in two heat sinks for electronic system cooling and investigated the comparisons of the thermal behavior of the mini-and microchannel heat exchangers. The hydraulic dimension of one of the heat sinks is 2 mm while that of the other is 180 m. Deionized water was used as the working fluid for studies conducted in both the heat exchangers. The effect of heat flux and volumetric flow rate (in laminar flow regime) on temperature and heat transfer coefficient is studied. Irrespective of the average heat transfer coefficient and the total thermal resistance, advantages and limitations of each device are analyzed and discussed in the light of experimental results. Furthermore, the results obtained from the experiments were in good agreement with those obtained from the design theory analyses.

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Cooling Systems in Data Centers: State of Art and Emerging Technologies

Cited by 148 publications

References 23 publications

Data centres in future European energy systems—energy efficiency, integration and policy

Data centres in future European energy systems—energy efficiency, integration and policy

A simple but energy-efficient HVAC control synthesis for data centers

Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics and Cooling Performance of Mini‐ and Microheat Exchangers

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