Conveying clinical reasoning based on visual observation via eye-movement modelling examples

Unboxing the Black Box of Visual Expertise in Medicine

“…We fully agree with that, but would like to point towards research not mentioned by these authors, i.e., by Bertram, Helle, Kaakinen, and Svedström (2013) on CT images and our own research on interactive digital pathology slides (Jaarsma et al, 2016;Jaarsma, Jarodzka, Nap, Van Merriënboer, & Boshuizen, 2015;Jaarsma et al, 2014) and on patient-video cases (Balslev et al, 2012). Moreover, the authors mention on several occasions the potential eye tracking has for medical education.…”

“…Such statements are not only too reductionistic to reveal interesting insights into the nature of expertise, but even worse: they are often enough simply wrong. In many medical areas, we find exactly the opposite to be true, namely that experts are looking longer at relevant areas of interest (e.g., Balslev et al, 2012). That does not mean that studies finding the one or the other were wrong; it means that these findings cannot be generalized, but depend on the exact task and the stimuli that were used.…”

“…We agree. On that note, we would like to point towards the idea of using eye movements of experts in instructional videos (Van Gog, Jarodzka, Scheiter, Gerjets, & Paas, 2009) and its successful application to medicine (e.g., Jarodzka, Balslev, et al, 2012). On a final note, it is important to mention that Fox and Faulkner-Jones (2017) have discussed many visual search models, but did not make the connection to current models on medical expertise and its development (Jarodzka, Boshuizen, et al, 2012).…”

The Neuroergonomics of Aircraft Cockpits: The Four Stages of Eye-Tracking Integration to Enhance Flight Safety

“…Such eye movement modeling examples were already successfully applied during cooperative problem-solving [40] and clinical visual observation [41,42]. Gaze following is a natural and innate tool of the learning [43], including the causal one.…”

Neural Correlates of Visual Perceptual Expertise: Evidence From Cognitive Neuroscience Using Functional Neuroimaging

“…To what extent can clinical practitioners and medical educators benefit from neuroscientific measures? This is a question that applies to the field of medical image perception more generally and is not exclusive to cognitive-neurosciences; for example, also eye tracking used to be criticized for not being relevant enough to medical education and training, but has demonstrated its benefits in the form of eye movement modeling examples (Jarodzka, Balslev, Holmqvist, Nyström, Scheiter, Gerjets, et al, 2012;Seppänen & Gegenfurtner, 2012). It remains to be seen in future research if, and how, a similar approach can be developed for functional imaging.…”