Conversion of greenhouse gases to synthetic fuel using a sustainable cyclic plasma process

Sarafraz, M.M.; Christo, Farid; Tran, Nam Nghiep; Fulcheri, Laurent; Hessel, Volker

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.272

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Recent reviews [80,142,143] and advances in novel reactors with absorption in gasification [144,145], catalytic plasma-based ammonia synthesis, Fischer-Tropsch, dry reforming of methane and CO 2 splitting are available [3,39,[146][147][148][149][150][151][152]. In particular, thermochemical equilibrium analysis by Hessel et.…”

Section: Tars As a Natural Herbicide And Pesticidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…al. [148,151] lead to novel ammonia, hydrogen and synthetic fuel production from CO 2 processes and reactors. Although no industrial-scale plasma-based ammonia or other energy conversion plants are present, ozone production plants at an industrial scale are available.…”

Section: Tars As a Natural Herbicide And Pesticidementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(b) In order to provide low capital and costs, IPI-based reactors should perform more than one unit operation, such as those in Multi-Reaction Zone Reactors [3,39] and those proposed by Hessel et al [148,151]. In this respect, non-thermal, atmospheric, low-temperature, catalytic plasma is ideally suited as the primary reaction zone.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Akay

2023

Catalysts

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This multi-disciplinary paper aims to provide a roadmap for the development of an integrated, process-intensified technology for the production of H2, NH3 and NH3-based symbiotic/smart fertilizers (referred to as target products) from renewable feedstock with CO2 sequestration and utilization while addressing environmental issues relating to the emerging Food, Energy and Water shortages as a result of global warming. The paper also discloses several novel processes, reactors and catalysts. In addition to the process intensification character of the processes used and reactors designed in this study, they also deliver novel or superior products so as to lower both capital and processing costs. The critical elements of the proposed technology in the sustainable production of the target products are examined under three-sections: (1) Materials: They include natural or synthetic porous water absorbents for NH3 sequestration and symbiotic and smart fertilizers (S-fertilizers), synthesis of plasma interactive supported catalysts including supported piezoelectric catalysts, supported high-entropy catalysts, plasma generating-chemical looping and natural catalysts and catalysts based on quantum effects in plasma. Their performance in NH3 synthesis and CO2 conversion to CO as well as the direct conversion of syngas to NH3 and NH3—fertilizers are evaluated, and their mechanisms investigated. The plasma-generating chemical-looping catalysts (Catalysts, 2020, 10, 152; and 2016, 6, 80) were further modified to obtain a highly active piezoelectric catalyst with high levels of chemical and morphological heterogeneity. In particular, the mechanism of structure formation in the catalysts BaTi1−rMrO3−x−y{#}xNz and M3O4−x−y{#}xNz/Si = X was studied. Here, z = 2y/3, {#} represents an oxygen vacancy and M is a transition metal catalyst. (2) Intensified processes: They include, multi-oxidant (air, oxygen, CO2 and water) fueled catalytic biomass/waste gasification for the generation of hydrogen-enriched syngas (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, N2); plasma enhanced syngas cleaning with ca. 99% tar removal; direct syngas-to-NH3 based fertilizer conversion using catalytic plasma with CO2 sequestration and microwave energized packed bed flow reactors with in situ reactive separation; CO2 conversion to CO with BaTiO3−x{#}x or biochar to achieve in situ O2 sequestration leading to higher CO2 conversion, biochar upgrading for agricultural applications; NH3 sequestration with CO2 and urea synthesis. (3) Reactors: Several patented process-intensified novel reactors were described and utilized. They are all based on the Multi-Reaction Zone Reactor (M-RZR) concept and include, a multi-oxidant gasifier, syngas cleaning reactor, NH3 and fertilizer production reactors with in situ NH3 sequestration with mineral acids or CO2. The approach adopted for the design of the critical reactors is to use the critical materials (including natural catalysts and soil additives) in order to enhance intensified H2 and NH3 production. Ultimately, they become an essential part of the S-fertilizer system, providing efficient fertilizer use and enhanced crop yield, especially under water and nutrient stress. These critical processes and reactors are based on a process intensification philosophy where critical materials are utilized in the acceleration of the reactions including NH3 production and carbon dioxide reduction. When compared with the current NH3 production technology (Haber–Bosch process), the proposed technology achieves higher ammonia conversion at much lower temperatures and atmospheric pressure while eliminating the costly NH3 separation process through in situ reactive separation, which results in the production of S-fertilizers or H2 or urea precursor (ammonium carbamate). As such, the cost of NH3-based S-fertilizers can become competitive with small-scale distributed production platforms compared with the Haber–Bosch fertilizers.

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Section: Tars As a Natural Herbicide And Pesticidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tars As a Natural Herbicide And Pesticidementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Akay

2023

Catalysts

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“…[1][2][3] However, atmospheric CO 2 is a signicant potential feedstock for producing synthetic fuels and other valuable chemicals. [4][5][6] Amongst the more promising approaches to the conversion of CO 2 to fuels and other useful small molecules, electrochemical routes offer advantages such as applicability across a wide range of scales, the potential to couple directly to renewably generated power, and the ability to reduce CO 2 concomitant with the production of benign anode products (especially oxygen), instead of generating harmful waste. 7,8 To date, numerous systems for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 have been reported, operating in both aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimising the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to oxalic acid in propylene carbonate

Sale,

Ubbara,

Symes

2023

Sustainable Energy Fuels

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“…It is cost-effective natural gas as a fuel because of the high hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and an essential raw material for the creation of polyethylene, plastic, detergent, synthetic rubber, and fiber. [2,3] But, until now, most of the available resources are still underutilized due to the requirement of sophisticated storage systems and high transportation costs. It ranks right behind carbon dioxide as the most common anthropogenic greenhouse gas, 25 times more atmospheric heat is trapped by it than by carbon dioxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonoxidative methane coupling in a micro‐DBD with enhanced secondary electron emission

Pourali

Lamichhane

Hessel

et al. 2023

Plasma Processes & Polymers

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The conversion of methane into transportable and storable materials is crucial in the petrochemical sector. In this study, a specially constructed AC‐driven dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) that has charge injector pyramids on one of the electrodes and runs at ambient temperature and pressure was used to evaluate noncatalytic methane conversion. The obtained result was compared with the traditional flat electrode DBD. It was discovered that the product selectivity in direct nonoxidative methane conversion depended on the discharge conditions. Pyramid electrode plasma sources convert methane up to 50 more than flat electrode plasma due to the appearance of more microdischarges. Pyramid electrode plasma generally has a greater production efficiency than flat electrode plasma, while requiring more operational power. The turnkey solutions offered by the sustainable methane coupling method discussed here may be advantageous for the long‐term small‐scale ethylene exploration scenario.

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Conversion of greenhouse gases to synthetic fuel using a sustainable cyclic plasma process

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Optimising the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to oxalic acid in propylene carbonate

Nonoxidative methane coupling in a micro‐DBD with enhanced secondary electron emission

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Conversion of greenhouse gases to synthetic fuel using a sustainable cyclic plasma process

Cited by 11 publications

References 50 publications

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Optimising the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to oxalic acid in propylene carbonate

Nonoxidative methane coupling in a micro‐DBD with enhanced secondary electron emission

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Product

Resources

About

Optimising the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to oxalic acid in propylene carbonate