Before women could become visibk as philosophers, they had first to become visible as rational autonomous thinkers. A social and ethical position holding that chastity was the most important virtue for women, and that rationality and chastity were incompatibk, was a significant impediment to accepting women's capacity for philosophical thought. Thus one of the first tasks for women was to confront this belief and argue for their rationality in the face of a self-referend dikmmu. This essay argues for an alternate vision of the history of philosophy for the early modern period, highlighting the experience of women. It is easy to see how standard histories, focused on academic philosophy, fail to incorporate women thinkers, but less easy to see how to ground a different history.' The philosophy of the period with which I am concerned, from roughly 1450 to 1650, especially outside Italy, is generally found under the headings of "Renaissance" and "seventeenth century" or sometimes as the "early modem" part of "modern" philosophy (Brown 1993 3. Philosophers have typically demarcated periods by the major concentrations of philosophical questions and methodologies, usually paying only slight attention to the cultural context of philosophy, although some now give it a wider reading. Although I cannot develop the argument fully here, that wider context helps illuminate the relations of women and a philosophy culture and opens the door to some degree of cross-disciplinary work that is needed to understand the position of philosophical women in the period previously referred to as the Renaissance.* By choosing the term "early modem" to call attention to broad continuities in a wide philosophical Hypatia vol. 21, no. 4 (Fall 2006) 0 by Joan Gibson