Controversies in ocular trauma classification and management: review

Abstract

Ocular trauma is a topic of unresolved controversies and there are continuous controversial and debatable management strategies for open-globe injuries (OGIs). International classification of ocular trauma proposed almost 15 years ago needs to be reviewed and to be more robust in predicting the outcome in the setting of OGIs. Anterior segment trauma involves controversies related to patching for corneal abrasion, corneal laceration repair, and medical management of hyphema. Timing of cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation in the setting of trauma is still debated worldwide. There are unresolved issues regarding the management of OGIs involving the posterior segment. Timing of vitrectomy has been and will continue to be debated by proponents of early versus delayed intervention. The use of prophylactic cryotherapy and scleral buckle is still practiced differently throughout the world. The role of intravitreal antibiotics in posterior segment trauma in the absence of infection is still debated. Similarly, the use of vitrectomy versus vitreous tap in the setting of traumatic endophthalmitis is not fully resolved. In optic neuropathy, the role of intravenous methylprednisolone versus conservative management is always debated and still there are no evidence-based guidelines about the beneficial role of pulse steroid therapy. The role of optic canal decompression in the setting of acute traumatic optic neuropathy is also not conclusive. Orbital and adnexal trauma has been shown to adversely affect the outcome of OGI patients but both lids and orbital injury are not taken as preoperative variables in international ocular trauma classification. The timing of intervention in blow-out fracture is still debated. The pediatric age group, owing to the high risk of amblyopia and intraocular inflammation as well as strong vitreoretinal adhesions, has to be managed by different principles. Although the risk of sympathetic ophthalmia is very rare, it is always one of the key debated issues while managing traumatized eyes with no light perception vision. Prospective, controlled clinical studies are not possible in the OGI setting and this article reviews pertinent data regarding these management issues and controversies, and provides recommendations for treatment based on the available published data and the authors' personal experience.

Traumatic Optic Neuropathy: A Review

“…26 These procedures principally serve to decompress the optic canal and ON as swelling and the resultant vascular compromise can cause secondary damage. 60 There are multiple surgical techniques described in the literature that include intracranial, transethmoidal, endonasal and sublabial approaches, and both endoscopic as well as open surgery can be performed.…”

“…Optic atrophy may develop but is only evident after 4 to 6 weeks. 26 At present, no clear indications or contraindications for choice of imaging or treatment of TON have been proposed. In addition, treatment (corticosteroids and surgery) largely minimizes damage but in the future, neuroprotection and neuroregeneration may be possible.…”

Outcome of Vitrectomy and Chorioretinectomy in Perforating Eye Injuries

“…In this technique, all retinal tissue incarcerated in the perforation site was removed using the vitrector, with diathermy destruction of the retina/choroid in a 1-mm ring around the exit wound. The timing of pars plana vitrectomy is still controversial [6]. On the one hand, the key risks of an early vitrectomy are intraoperative bleeding and reopening of the exit wound; on the other hand, with delayed vitrectomy (after the fourth day), whilst a spontaneous closure of the exit wound by fibrous tissue is achieved, this might be a source of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) [7].…”

Atypical Herpetic Corneal Endotheliitis: A Case Report

“…Corneal endothelium plays an important role in maintaining corneal transparency and its abnormality or dysfunction results in corneal edema. Ocular trauma, surgeries, Fuchs endothelial dystrophy, iridocorneal endothelial syndromes (ICE), stromal keratitis, and endotheliitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of corneal edema [2,[4][5][6][7][8]. In our case, the absence of any ocular trauma or surgery, no signs of cornea guttae, and a normal specular microscopic examination in the fellow eye, and the lack of iris findings and typical specular findings for ICE syndrome in the left eye, led us to the diagnosis of endotheliitis of viral origin.…”