Controlled trial of vitamin-mineral supplementation on intelligence and brain function

Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behaviour of young adult prisoners

“…Since that time, evidence has behaviour. Since that time, evidence has grown to support this link (Moynahan, grown to support this link (Moynahan, 1976;Virkkunen & Huttunen, 1982;1976;Virkkunen & Huttunen, 1982;Benton & Cook, 1991;Stevens Benton & Cook, 1991;Stevens et al et al, , 1995Stevens et al et al, , , 1996Hamazaki 1995Hamazaki , 1996Hamazaki et al et al, 1996;, 1996;Schoenthaler Schoenthaler et al et al, 1997;Walsh , 1997;Walsh et al et al, , 1997;Hibbeln 1997;Hibbeln et al et al, 1998;Bjork , 1998;Bjork et al et al, , 1999;Golomb 1999;Golomb et al et al, 2000). If there is a 2000).…”

Vitamin-mineral supplements and intelligence

“…The majority of these boys came from two of seven schools who took less-academically-able pupils from less-economically-advantaged areas. Schoenthaler et al (1991a) found increases in non-verbal intelligence only in those whose levels of blood micronutrients increased following supplementation. Schoenthaler et al (1991b) found that, although there was an overall average increase in non-verbal intelligence, there was a relatively large increase in 45% of the sample but only a limited response in the rest.…”

“…On four of the five occasions when improved intelligence scores have resulted from supplementation, the performance of those taking the placebo has either declined or not increased in the expected manner (Benton & Roberts, 1988;Benton & Buts, 1990;Benton & Cook, 1991a;Schoenthaler et al 1991a). It is unlikely that the children would become less intelligent over a few weeks; a decrease in concentration or attitude would explain this profile.…”