Controlled radical polymerization of styrene in miniemulsion polymerization using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer

Uzulina, Iveta; Gaillard, Nicolas; Guyot, Alain; Claverie, Jérôme P.

doi:10.1016/j.crci.2003.10.004

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The use of a miniemulsion removes the need for the CTA to migrate across the aqueous phase, as the particles form from the droplets initially present in the emulsion. In the initial reports on RAFT miniemulsion, although successful, the polymerizations suffered from stability issues and a slow rate of polymerization 226, 229–237. The retardation of the rate was reduced by the use of aliphatic dithioesters238 or trithiocarbonates 239.…”

Section: Polymerization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macromolecular design via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization

Perrier

Takolpuckdee

2005

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

1,145

1,042

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Among the living radical polymerization techniques, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) polymerizations appear to be the most versatile processes in terms of the reaction conditions, the variety of monomers for which polymerization can be controlled, tolerance to functionalities, and the range of polymeric architectures that can be produced. This review highlights the progress made in RAFT/MADIX polymerization since the first report in 1998. It addresses, in turn, the mechanism and kinetics of the process, examines the various components of the system, including the synthesis paths of the thiocarbonyl-thio compounds used as chain-transfer agents, and the conditions of polymerization, and gives an account of the wide range of monomers that have been successfully polymerized to date, as well as the various polymeric architectures that have been produced. In the last section, this review describes the future challenges that the process will face and shows its opening to a wider scientific community as a synthetic tool for the production of functional macromolecules and materials.

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Section: Polymerization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macromolecular design via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization

Perrier

Takolpuckdee

2005

J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem.

1,145

1,042

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“…[9,68,82,102,[185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195] We showed that RAFT in miniemulsion can be used to produce polystyrene of narrow polydispersity in a batch process. [9] Some retardation is observed with dithiobenzoate RAFT agents.…”

Section: Raft In Heterogeneous Mediamentioning

confidence: 99%

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process

Moad¹,

Rizzardo²,

Thang³

2005

Aust. J. Chem.

2,133

1,894

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This paper presents a review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds [ZC( S)SR] by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Since we first introduced the technique in 1998, the number of papers and patents on the RAFT process has increased exponentially as the technique has proved to be one of the most versatile for the provision of polymers of well defined architecture. The factors influencing the effectiveness of RAFT agents and outcome of RAFT polymerization are detailed. With this insight, guidelines are presented on how to conduct RAFT and choose RAFT agents to achieve particular structures. A survey is provided of the current scope and applications of the RAFT process in the synthesis of well defined homo-, gradient, diblock, triblock, and star polymers, as well as more complex architectures including microgels and polymer brushes.

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“…[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Batch reactors have been used for most of these studies, but it would be of great value to demonstrate these processes in a continuous reactor. The improved economics of a continuous reactor may be a significant incentive for the commercialization of CRP processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of Styrene in a Continuous Tubular Reactor

Enright

Cunningham

Keoshkerian

2005

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Summary: Nitroxide‐mediated polymerization of styrene in a continuous tubular reactor has been demonstrated for the first time. The polymerization kinetics in the tubular reactor are similar to those in a batch reactor. The number average molecular weight increases linearly with conversion, and chain extension experiments were successful, indicating that the living nature of the polymerization is maintained in the tubular reactor.Evolution of molecular weight as measured by GPC for chain‐extended latex in continuous tubular reactor.magnified imageEvolution of molecular weight as measured by GPC for chain‐extended latex in continuous tubular reactor.

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Controlled radical polymerization of styrene in miniemulsion polymerization using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Macromolecular design via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization

Macromolecular design via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/xanthates (MADIX) polymerization

Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process

Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of Styrene in a Continuous Tubular Reactor

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