Controlled functionalization of carbon nanodots for targeted intracellular production of reactive oxygen species

Ji, Ding‐Kun; Reina, Giacomo; Guo, Shi; Eredia, Matilde; Samorı́, Paolo; Ménard‐Moyon, Cécilia; Bianco, Alberto

doi:10.1039/d0nh00300j

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…In the cell lines which expressed folic acid receptors, S-doped CDs with folic acid conjugated surfaces ( 1 O 2 QY 0.4) showed targeted intracellular production of ROS upon irradiation at 660 nm. [136] To overcome the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and prevent rapid consumption of oxygen in PDT, Jia and coworkers synthesized Mn-doped CDs and assembled them with the aid of PEG, [59] which could produce 1 O 2 with a QY of 0.4, and catalyze generation of oxygen from H 2 O 2 . They were able to act as in situ tumor oxygenerator to ameliorate tumor hypoxia and hence to enhance the PDT efficacy.…”

Section: Photodynamic Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Ushakova

Rogach

et al. 2021

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range (NIR-I region: 700-900 nm; NIR-II region: 1000-1700 nm). [15][16][17][18][19][20] Deep tissue penetration can be realized in this spectral range owing to the low degree level of photon absorption, scattering, and autofluorescence from tissues. [21,22] Therefore, imaging and therapeutic agents which operate in the DR to NIR region are highly desired. For CDs, strong PL in the blue and green region has been reported on numerous occasions, with PL quantum yields (QY) up to 90%, [23,24] while CDs with efficient longer wavelength emission have experienced extensive development only recently. Starting from the first report on the orange emissive CDs (PL peak at 580 nm) with a PL QY of 46%, [25] red emissive CDs with PL peak at 628 nm and PL QY of 53%, [26] and NIR emissive CDs with PL peak at 715 nm and PL QY of 43% [27] were introduced. A number of strategies, such as enlarging the π-conjugated structure, enhancing the surface oxidation, and employing proper precursors such as phenylenediamines were proved as effective for realization of such CDs. This review starts from summary of synthetic strategies toward CDs with absorption/PL at the wavelength from 650 nm and into the NIR-I and NIR-II spectral region. We then consider in detail the Stokes and anti-Stokes PL (ASPL), chemiluminescence (CL) and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the DR/NIR CDs. At the end, we provide a concise summary of already reported biomedical applications of CDs, such as in the photoacoustic (PA) imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and their use as bioimaging agents and drug carriers.Carbon dots (CDs) represent a recently emerged class of luminescent materials with a great potential for biomedical theranostics, and there are a lot of efforts to shift their absorption and emission toward deep-red (DR) to near-infrared (NIR) region falling in the biological transparency window. This review offers comprehensive insights into the synthesis strategies aimed to achieve this goal, and the current approaches of modulating the optical properties of CDs over the DR to NIR region. The underlying mechanisms of their absorption, photoluminescence, and chemiluminescence, as well as the related photophysical processes of photothermal conversion and formation of reactive oxygen species are considered. The already available biomedical applications of CDs, such as in the photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and their use as bioimaging agents and drug carriers are then shortly summarized.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202102325. Figure 12. a) In vivo NIR fluorescence images of a mouse stomach before (left) and after (right) gavage injection of CDs in PVP aqueous solution.Reproduced with permission. [46] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. b) NIR fluorescence images of mouse tumor after intravenous injection of CDs at various time points. c) NIR fluorescence of H22 tumors that were dissected from mice at ...

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Section: Photodynamic Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Ushakova

Rogach

et al. 2021

Small

112

101

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“…Although original CNDs showed good water dispersibility, some aggregation was however observed in a pH range of 3−10 over a period of 24 h, probably due to strong H‐bonding interactions (Figure S4, Supporting Information). [ 12 ] We also found that the zeta potential of CNDs becomes more negative at pH > 9.0, because the network of hydrogen bonds between CNDs likely starts to disintegrate in more basic conditions, leading to the formation of a higher number of isolated nanodots. [ 25 ] In contrast, we did not observe any aggregation phenomenon in MCND samples in a broad pH range of 3−12 (Figure S5, Supporting Information), even for high concentration of MCNDs (up to 100 μg mL −1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Based on our previous work, [ 12 ] carboxyl‐rich CNDs were first synthesized by a hydrothermal method using a conjugated polymer, polythiophene phenylpropionic acid (PPA), as the carbon source ( Scheme , Step I). A short amine‐terminated triethylene glycol (TEG) chain was chosen as a linker to connect CNDs with FA and Ce6.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 10 ] In particular, benefiting from abundant reactive groups on their surface, CNDs can act as promising carriers by covalent conjugation or coassembly with functional dyes, drugs, or proteins, resulting in a range of novel multifunctional nanomedicines. [ 11 ] As an example, we previously demonstrated that a targeted intracellular production of ROS could be successfully achieved in tumor cells using folic acid (FA)‐modified photoactive CNDs, [ 12 ] while the covalent functionalization of gadolinium to CND surface allowed multimodal bioimaging. [ 13 ] Chlorin e6 (Ce6) is a second‐generation PS with a high efficacy and low dark toxicity, but its extremely poor water solubility and instability hamper its clinical use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifunctional Carbon Nanodots: Enhanced Near‐Infrared Photosensitizing, Photothermal Activity, and Body Clearance

Dali

Guo

et al. 2021

Small Science

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The emergence of quasispherical carbon nanodots (CNDs) has broadened the family of carbon‐based materials and their applications in many fields. However, the rational design of near‐infrared (NIR) CNDs and their specific applications in theranostic biomedicine are still challenging. Herein, the design and characterization of multifunctional CNDs (MCNDs) as NIR laser‐triggered nanoagents are reported. These MCNDs are constructed by covalent functionalization of CNDs with folic acid and a hydrophobic photosensitizer, chlorin e6 (Ce6), based on a double amidation approach. The resulting MCNDs show high colloidal stability in different physiological environments. They are endowed with NIR fluorescence emission, an enhanced NIR photosensitizing, and a high photothermal activity. The in vitro test indicates that MCNDs own an efficient targeting capacity to penetrate into cancer cells, leading to cell killing at a low dose under NIR laser irradiation. Finally, MCNDs display a long blood circulation time in mice and effective body clearance through a dual hepatobiliary and renal elimination pathway. These features are encouraging for their use as NIR laser‐triggered nanoagents for personalized medicine. This work not only paves a new way for the multifunctionalization of CNDs, simply by integrating other functional components, but also broadens their versatile applications in targeted cancer theranostic nanomedicine.

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“…However, the CDs inducing the ROS generation have been reported in a lot of researches. 17,[30][31][32] Therefore, in the future work, we need to conduct further experiments to conrm this speculation.…”

Section: Comparisons Of Other Cds For Antibacterialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave assisted synthesis of negative-charge carbon dots with potential antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria

et al. 2020

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Controlled functionalization of carbon nanodots for targeted intracellular production of reactive oxygen species

Abstract: Multifunctional carbon nanodots with deep-red emission were prepared. These carbon nanodots are suitable for targeted intracellular production of reactive oxygen species by laser irradiation leading to efficient cancer cell death.

Cited by 39 publications

References 66 publications

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Optical Properties of Carbon Dots in the Deep‐Red to Near‐Infrared Region Are Attractive for Biomedical Applications

Multifunctional Carbon Nanodots: Enhanced Near‐Infrared Photosensitizing, Photothermal Activity, and Body Clearance

Microwave assisted synthesis of negative-charge carbon dots with potential antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria

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