Controlled Field Trials of Oral Killed Typhoid Vaccines in India

Chuttani, C. S.; Prakash, K; Vergese, A.; Sharma, Upasana; Singha, Partha Sarathi; Ray, B. Ghosh; Agarwal, D. S.

doi:10.1093/ije/1.1.39

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Population-based studies have demonstrated a wide variation in the incidence of typhoid fever both globally and within India [2,3,[37][38][39][40][41]. Information on typhoid case fatality rate is also scant, with current estimates based on hospital data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In India, there have been 6 population-based studies estimating the incidence of typhoid fever in the community [3,[37][38][39][40][41] (Table 2). The three studies led by Chuttani were all vaccine trials, performed in the same urban slum between 1968 and 1974 [37][38][39]; Sinha et al conducted their study in 1995-6 in a different urban slum in Delhi [40].…”

Section: Asia and The Indian Subcontinentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three studies led by Chuttani were all vaccine trials, performed in the same urban slum between 1968 and 1974 [37][38][39]; Sinha et al conducted their study in 1995-6 in a different urban slum in Delhi [40]. As is evident from the results, there has been little change in the IR of typhoid fever in Delhi, which is in northern India.…”

Section: Asia and The Indian Subcontinentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Burden of Enteric Fever

Kothari

Pruthi

Chugh

2008

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Enteric fever is a disease of developing countries associated with poor public health and low socio-economic indices. Cases of enteric fever occurring in travelers returning to the United States and the UK suggest that it is present across the developing world but that the Indian subcontinent represents a hotspot of disease activity. The best figures available for the global burden of enteric fever support this and suggest that Africa (50/ 100,000) has a far lower burden of disease than Asia (274/100,000). However these figures are based mainly on data for typhoid fever in Asia and the data for returning travelers is biased by preferred travel destinations. Given that most socio-economic indices, including known risk factors for enteric fever, such as provision of safe drinking water and sanitation, are much lower in most parts of Africa than in South-East and South-Central Asia it seems remarkable that Africa has such a low burden of disease. In such a scenario, rather than comparing whole continents, it may be more relevant to estimate region-specific burden of disease. It is clear is that there is an urgent need for more population-based studies of typhoid fever incidence in different parts of Africa to clarify the typhoid fever situation for the continent and so guide public health intervention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Asia and The Indian Subcontinentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Asia and The Indian Subcontinentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Burden of Enteric Fever

Kothari

Pruthi

Chugh

2008

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…3A and C), indicating a key protective effect of CD8 + T cells during Salmonella infection (Lo et al 1999;Lu et al 1999). These findings suggest that BG vaccines induce a cell-mediated immune response instead of the humoral response induced by the inactivated vaccine (Chuttani et al 1973(Chuttani et al , 1977Chong et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vaccination is an effective method to control and prevent salmonellosis (Berndt and Methner 2001). Oral inactivated vaccines have been found to elicit weak protective immunity (Chuttani et al 1977;Chuttani et al 1973), whereas oral attenuated vaccines elicited potent protective immune responses (Levine et al 1987;Wahdan et al 1980). The fundamental difference between these two types of vaccines is that attenuated Salmonella promotes the secretion of the cytokines, interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon-␥ (IFN-␥), thereby inducing a T helper 1 (Th1) response and cell-mediated immunity; this type of immune response is not induced by inactivated Salmonella (Chong et al 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%