“…3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC-HCl) was obtained from Chem-Impex International Inc. (Wood Dale, IL, USA) Alexa Fluor 647 NHS ester, Alexa Fluor 488 NHS Ester, Fetal bovine serum (FBS)DMEM, Alamar blue was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Burlington, ON, Canada). O-(6-azidohexyl)-O’-succinimidyl carbonate (NHS-azide), O-[1-(4-chlorophenylsulfonyl)-7-azido-2-heptyl]-O′-succinimidylcarbonate (NHS-AzCl) and carboxybetaine monomer were synthesized as previously described [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”