Controllable synthesis and characterization of ammonium polyphosphate with crystalline form V by phosphoric acid process

Liu, Gousheng; Chen, Wenyan; Liu, Xinchun; Yu, Jianguo

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.04.022

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…At the same time, the peaks at 3408 and 3140 cm −1 are assigned to the stretching absorption of NH + deriving form the incomplete decomposition of APP. Moreover, several typical featured bands of polyphosphate chains are observed in the regions of 1350~1100 cm −1 (PO stretching vibration) and 1100~850 cm −1 (PO stretching vibration) in both spectra . Among these, the peaks appearing at 1095 and 880 cm −1 are assigned to the stretching vibration of POP, whereas the one at 990 cm −1 is related to the stretching vibration of POC .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…As shown in Figure (a), some typical absorption peaks of GO are clearly observed as follows: the peaks at 1735 and 1232 cm −1 are attributed to CO and COH in carboxyl group; the peak at 1627 cm −1 are related to the benzene skeleton vibration, whereas the band of COC (epoxy group) appears at 1044 cm −1 . For APP, the region of 3400–3000 cm −1 corresponds to the asymmetric stretching vibration of ammonium ion (NH 4 + ), whereas the peak appearing at 1495 cm −1 corresponds to the bending absorption of NH + in the ammonium ion . In addition, the peaks at 1164 (PO stretching vibration), 1080 (PO symmetrical stretching vibration), and 880 cm −1 (PO asymmetric stretching vibration) are attributed to the typical featured bands of polyphosphate chains .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In addition, the peaks at 1164 (PO stretching vibration), 1080 (PO symmetrical stretching vibration), and 880 cm −1 (PO asymmetric stretching vibration) are attributed to the typical featured bands of polyphosphate chains . For the FTIR spectrum of GO‐APP, the peak at 1232 cm −1 belonging to COH group disappears completely, whereas a new peak appears at 1022 cm −1 and is related to POC band . Meanwhile, some characteristic peaks appearing in both APP (like NH + , PO, PO groups) and GO (like CO group) curves are also observed as expected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Enhanced mechanical and flame‐resistant properties of polypropylene nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide‐functionalized ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol

Chen

Cheng

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A novel functionalized graphene oxide grafted by ammonium polyphosphate (GO-APP) was synthesized through acylating chlorination method to improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites in combination with pentaerythritol (PER). During the mixing process, GO-APP nanosheets were thermally reduced and PP/rGO-APP/PER composites were finally obtained. In comparison, PP/rGO-APP/PER composites exhibit better mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performances than those of PP/APP/PER composites when containing the same loading of total additives. PP/APP/PER 30 wt % composite only passes V-1 rating in vertical burning tests (UL-94), whereas PP/rGO-APP/PER 25 wt % composite ranks V-0 rating. Furthermore, PP/rGO-APP/PER 30 wt % composite reaches the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.2%, and its impact strength is almost three times higher than pure PP. The improvement in the fire safety is mainly due to the enhanced char yield, and the "tortuous path" effect caused by intercalate-exfoliated structures formed in PP/rGO-APP/PER composites.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Enhanced mechanical and flame‐resistant properties of polypropylene nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide‐functionalized ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol

Chen

Cheng

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Usually, the type I APP of low polymerization degree (n) with loose structure is easily dissolved in water, while the type II APP (n ≥ 1000) with compact structure is difficultly dissolved in water as a result of the fact that most of hydrophilic NH 4 + groups in cross-linked polyphosphate chain are wrapped inside. 58,59 Therefore, the type II APP shows the characteristic of internal hydrophilic and external hydrophobic, which are beneficial to strengthen the stability and microphase separation of the pristine membrane. Herein, the commercial type II APP was applied to modify the pristine SPEEK membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel amphoteric ion exchange membranes by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) with ammonium polyphosphate for vanadium redox flow battery applications

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A novel amphoteric ion exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was explored by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The high-stability flame retardant of crosslinked APP with a large number of NH 4 + groups was first introduced into SPEEK membrane. It was observed that the addition of APP with special structure could achieve a good balance between proton conductivity and vanadium ions permeability. The abundant NH 4 + in APP could block the penetration of vanadium ions by Donnan/Manning exclusion effect and ionic crossing networks due to the ionic bonds between cation and anion groups, and specially a small amount of APP within 5% could remarkably improve the proton conductivity of pristine SPEEK membrane might be ascribed to the unique fast proton transport channels formed by hydrogen bond networks and particular micro-phase separation as a result of interaction between SPEEK and APP. When 5% APP was blended, the SPEEK/ APP-5% (S/APP-5%) amphoteric membrane showed a higher selectivity of 20.87 × 10 4 S min/cm 3 (with a good proton conductivity of 0.075 S/cm and a lower VO 2+ permeability of 3.45 × 10 −7 cm 2 / min) and presented better thermal and chemical stability compared to Nafion115 and SPEEK membranes. The VRFB single cell assembled with S/APP-5% amphoteric membrane exhibited more excellent performance than that of Nafion115 and pristine SPEEK membranes, which revealed a higher coulombic efficiency of 96.3%-98.3%, comparable voltage efficiency of 88.4%-78.7% and higher energy efficiency of 85.1%-77.4% from 40 to 80 mA/cm 2 , respectively, and showed relatively good stability of the efficiency up to 50 cycles at 60 mA/cm 2. The results demonstrated that the designed S/APP amphiprotic membrane of outstanding selectivity, high battery efficiency, and good durability is a prospected VRFB separator.

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“…The n‐APPs can be prepared by the condensation of highly purified phosphoric acid (HP‐PA) with urea . The HP‐PA was used because it contained few metal ions which hindered the hydration of –P‐OH groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Approach for Water‐Insoluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Crystal Form II and V

Pan

et al. 2018

ChemistrySelect

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Water‐insoluble ammonium polyphosphates (n‐APPs) are very important intumescent flame retardants for polymer materials. In this study, a novel preparation for n‐APPs has been proposed by using diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and dicyandiamide (DICY). In comparison to the reported processes, the synthesis in this paper has the following advantages such as more economic and energy‐saving, mild reaction conditions with less gas release. The preparation can be divided into two steps, the reaction and the crystallization. The reaction pathway has been studied by FTIR techniques. Relatively pure crystal form II and crystal form V were obtained under their specific conditions. Finally, TG analysis has shown that the products have high thermal stability; the linear structure of the n‐APPs products has been confirmed by the liquid NMR techniques; the element and solubility analysis have been conducted and they conform to the requirements of the HG/T 2770–2008 industrial standard.

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Controllable synthesis and characterization of ammonium polyphosphate with crystalline form V by phosphoric acid process

Cited by 27 publications

References 21 publications

Enhanced mechanical and flame‐resistant properties of polypropylene nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide‐functionalized ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol

Enhanced mechanical and flame‐resistant properties of polypropylene nanocomposites with reduced graphene oxide‐functionalized ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol

Novel amphoteric ion exchange membranes by blending sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) with ammonium polyphosphate for vanadium redox flow battery applications

A Novel Approach for Water‐Insoluble Ammonium Polyphosphate Crystal Form II and V

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