“…Alternatively, one may wish to consider the probability of one treatment being better than the other, which is equivalent to considering the survival competition probability, so that Δ = pr(X < Y) or Δ = pr(X > Y), or to compare the probability of death before a given time t 0 in survival analysis, so that Δ = pr (X < t 0 ) − pr(Y < t 0 ).When X and Y are both sampled from parametric families, standard statistical approaches such as maximum likelihood can be used (Brownie et al, 1986;Campbell & Ratnarkhi, 1993;Goddard & Hinberg, 1990;Hsieh & Turnbull, 1996). There are also many nonparametric approaches for comparing the two unknown continuous distributions F and G of X and Y , respectively, based on independent samples; see for example Gastwirth & Wang (1988), Hollander & Korwar (1982), and Li et al (1996).…”