Control of skin blood flow, sweating, and heart rate: role of skin vs. core temperature.

Wyss, C R; Brengelmann, G. L.; Johnson, John M.; Rowell, L. B.; Niederberger, M

doi:10.1152/jappl.1974.36.6.726

Cited by 179 publications

(94 citation statements)

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“…This notion was further supported by Cui et al 404 (2002) who observed only a minor decrease in heart rate during passive heating (46°C water 405 perfused suit) following the reestablishment of normothermic blood pressure with phenylephrine 406 infusion. Collectively, these and other studies (Kamon and Belding 1971;Wyss et al 1974; 407…”

Section: Skin Blood Flow 322mentioning

confidence: 54%

The biophysical and physiological basis for mitigated elevations in heart rate with electric fan use in extreme heat and humidity

et al. 2016

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Section: Skin Blood Flow 322mentioning

confidence: 54%

The biophysical and physiological basis for mitigated elevations in heart rate with electric fan use in extreme heat and humidity

et al. 2016

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“…The skin temperature varies relatively more with the temperature of the environment and with metabolic rate as compared to the core temperature. It contributes to the skin blood flow in neutral and warm conditions thus influencing the effective thickness of the body 'shell' according to the core -shell concept (Wyss et al, 1974;Johnson, 1979;Webb, 1992). A significant relationship between body temperature and metabolic rate (Kobayashi, 1988;Kraeuchi & Wirz-Justice, 1994;Refinetti, 1997), as well as between ambient temperature and metabolic rate has been shown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy metabolism in humans at a lowered ambient temperature

et al. 2002

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Objective: Assessment of the effect of a lowered ambient temperature, ie 16 C (61 F), compared to 22 C (72 F), on energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) in men. Design: Randomized within-subject design in which subjects stayed in a respiration chamber three times for 60 h each, once at 22 C, and twice at 16 C, wearing standardized clothing, executing a standardized daily activities protocol, and were fed in energy balance (EBI): no significant difference between EE and EI over 24 h). During the last 24 h at 22 C, and once during the last 24 h at 16 C, they were fed ad libitum. Subjects: Nine dietary unrestrained male subjects (ages 24 AE 5 y, body mass index (BMI) 22.7 AE 2.1 kg=m 2 , body weight 76.2 AE 9.4 kg, height 1.83 AE 0.06 m, 18 AE 5% body fat). Results: At 16 C (EB), EE (total 24 h EE) was increased to 12.9 AE 2.0 MJ=day as compared to 12.2 AE 2.2 MJ=day at 22 C (P < 0.01). The increase was due to increases in sleeping metabolic rate (SMR; the lowest EE during three consecutive hours with hardly any movements as indicated by radar): 7.6 AE 0.7 vs 7.2 AE 0.7 MJ=day (P < 0.05) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT; EE-SMR, when activity induced energy expenditure as indicated by radar ¼ 0): 1.7 AE 0.4 vs 1.0 AE 0.4 MJ=day (P < 0.01). Physical activity level (PAL; EE=SMR) was 1.63 -1.68. At 16 C compared to at 22 C, rectal, proximal and distal skin temperatures had decreased (P < 0.01). RQ was not different between the two ambient temperature situations. During ad libitum feeding, subjects overate by 32 AE 12% (at 22 C) and by 34 AE 14% (at 16 C). Under these circumstances, the decrease of rectal temperature at 16 C was attenuated, and inversely related to percentage overeating (r 2 ¼ 0.7; P < 0.01). Conclusion:We conclude that at 16 C, compared to 22 C, energy metabolism was increased, due to increases in SMR and DIT. Overeating under ad libitum circumstances at 16 C attenuated the decrease in rectal core body temperature.

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“…The mean body temperature (weighted average of core and mean skin temperature) Xuctuated around 36.5°C, which is relatively high and stresses the need to release body heat. It is well documented that the Wnger blood Xow shows a sudden increase above a certain threshold in body core temperature and is modiWed by mean skin temperature (Wyss et al 1974;Wenger et al 1975;Wyss et al 1975;Daanen et al 1992).In summary, the observed Xuctuations in Wnger skin temperature in the paper of Flouris et al (2008) should not be termed CIVD, and are better attributed to heat loss mechanisms that depend on body core temperature and mean skin temperature. …”

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confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

Cold-induced vasodilation

Daanen¹

2008

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Dear editor, In this letter I would like to challenge the correctness of the term cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in a recent paper of Flouris et al. (2008) in this journal.The Wrst author who described CIVD was Sir Thomas Lewis, who observed that skin vasodilation occurred in the Wngers 5-10 min after exposure to cold (Lewis 1930). He found that this reaction did not occur when the water temperature in which the Wngers were immersed was higher than 18°C. The lower the temperature, the more marked the reaction was. Most experiments conducted since this time has used water temperatures of 0, 5 or 8°C to evoke CIVD (Daanen 2003).It is also possible to evoke CIVD responses using exposure to cold air. Kramer and Schulze (1948) observed that the timing of the CIVD responses was similar for ice water bath immersion and exposure to ¡18°C air in a still air box. They also observed that while most subjects showed a CIVD response in ice water, the response was often absent when the Wngers were exposed to cold air. More recent studies conWrmed that the good reproducibility of CIVD in water (O'Brien 2005) and the poor reproducibility of CIVD in cold air, in particular in the toes (Cheung and Mekjavic 2007; Van der Struijs et al. 2008). Wind speed is an important factor that increases the number of evoked CIVD responses; Brajkovic and Ducharme (2004) showed that the number of evoked CIVD responses increased from 3% at 2 m/s wind to 53% at 8 m/s wind speed.In the study of Flouris et al. (2008), 10 subjects were exposed to a cold environment (¡20°C) dressed in arctic clothing including thin gloves and arctic mittens and the Wnger temperatures were monitored. The term CIVD was used to describe the observed changes.However, in this study, the extremities were not exposed to cold and the term CIVD thus seems inappropriate. The Wnger temperatures ranged from 7.2 to 33.5°C and the observed Xuctuations during the experiment did not resemble the typical cyclic CIVD reaction. Although one cannot rule out that some CIVD may have occurred for temperatures just above 7.2°C, it is more likely that the observed temperature Xuctuations are attempts of the body to release body heat through the Wngers as a part of the normal thermoregulatory process; rather than an expression of CIVD. The mean body temperature (weighted average of core and mean skin temperature) Xuctuated around 36.5°C, which is relatively high and stresses the need to release body heat. It is well documented that the Wnger blood Xow shows a sudden increase above a certain threshold in body core temperature and is modiWed by mean skin temperature (Wyss et al. 1974;Wenger et al. 1975;Wyss et al. 1975;Daanen et al. 1992).In summary, the observed Xuctuations in Wnger skin temperature in the paper of Flouris et al. (2008) should not be termed CIVD, and are better attributed to heat loss mechanisms that depend on body core temperature and mean skin temperature.

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Control of skin blood flow, sweating, and heart rate: role of skin vs. core temperature.

Cited by 179 publications

References 0 publications

The biophysical and physiological basis for mitigated elevations in heart rate with electric fan use in extreme heat and humidity

The biophysical and physiological basis for mitigated elevations in heart rate with electric fan use in extreme heat and humidity

Energy metabolism in humans at a lowered ambient temperature

Cold-induced vasodilation

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