Energy metabolism in humans at a lowered ambient temperature

Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.; Lichtenbelt, Wouter D. van Marken; Strobbe, H.; Schrauwen, Patrick

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601308

Cited by 92 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…A standard daily activity protocol was applied (12), which described all activities required by the subjects. Subjects were fed in energy balance.…”

Section: Articles Integrative Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold‐Induced Adaptive Thermogenesis in Lean and Obese

Wijers

Saris

Lichtenbelt

2010

Obesity

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On entering a cold environment, people react by increasing insulation and energy expenditure (EE). However, large interindividual differences exist in the relative contribution of each mechanism. Short‐term studies revealed that obese subjects increase EE (i.e., adaptive thermogenesis) less than lean subjects, which might have implications for the predisposition to obesity. In this study, we validate the differences in adaptive thermogenesis between lean and obese upon midterm mild cold exposure. Therefore, 10 lean and 10 obese subjects were exposed for 48 h to mild cold (16 °C) in a respiration chamber. The preceding 36 h they stayed in the same chamber at a neutral temperature (22 °C) for the baseline measurements. EE, physical activity, skin temperature, and core temperature have been measured for the last 24 h of both parts. Mean daytime EE increased significantly in the lean subjects (P < 0.01), but not in the obese. Physical activity decreased significantly in the lean (P < 0.01) and the obese (P < 0.001) subjects. The change in EE was related to the change in physical activity in both groups (respectively R2 = 0.673, P < 0.01 and R2 = 0.454, P < 0.05). Upon mild cold exposure, lean subjects decreased proximal skin temperature less, but distal skin temperature more than obese. In conclusion, the interindividual differences in cold‐induced thermogenesis were related to changes in physical activity in both lean and obese, pointing at the existence of individual variation in physical activity to compensate for cold‐induced thermogenesis. Furthermore, although a large part of the lean subjects counteracted the cold by increasing EE, most obese subjects changed temperature distribution, and therefore, increased insulation.

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“…A standard daily activity protocol was applied (12), which described all activities required by the subjects. Subjects were fed in energy balance.…”

Section: Articles Integrative Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold‐Induced Adaptive Thermogenesis in Lean and Obese

Wijers

Saris

Lichtenbelt

2010

Obesity

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“…For example, in a study of 9 male subjects in a respiration chamber, 24-hour energy expenditure increased by 5.7% at an ambient temperature of 16°C compared to 22°C (47). The authors attributed this increase to a rise in sleeping metabolic rate and diet-induced thermogenesis.…”

Section: Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of Antarctic residence on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness

Simpson

2010

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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Objective. To review the current literature that describes the effect of Antarctic residence on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness. Study design. Literature review. Methods. Published literature on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness in the polar environment was reviewed. Energy dynamics were represented by body weight, body fat, food intake and energy expenditure. Consideration was given to seasonal variation and possible explanations for the apparent high metabolic cost of Antarctic residence. The influence of cold exposure was discussed and comment was made on the differences between temperate and polar residence. Results. Food intake and energy expenditure are found to increase with Antarctic residence. There is often an associated increase in body weight and body fat. Seasonal variation is common but not universal, with an increase in body weight and body fat in winter. Variation in aerobic fitness appears to be related to the specific study sample rather than Antarctic residence per se. Conclusions. In most instances, Antarctic residence has effects on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness. Explanations for the observed changes may include physiological adaptations, such as a raised basal metabolic rate and increased thermogenesis. However, cold-induced changes are less likely when cold exposure is minimized by heated buildings and insulated clothing. Activity patterns related to work and leisure thus represent a more likely cause. The majority of the research is several decades old; further research would help to elucidate the patterns of energy dynamics of modern Antarctic workers. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2010; 69(3):220-235)

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“…Measurements SMR was defined as the average EE of all EEs at 15-min intervals between 2300 and 0700 over an 8 h of sleep (SMR8h) and the minimum EE during 3 consecutive hours of sleep (SMR-3h) (Schrauwen et al, 1997;Westerterp-Plantenga et al, 2002). Two open-circuit IHCs were used to evaluate SMR.…”

Section: Study Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interindividual variability in sleeping metabolic rate in Japanese subjects

et al. 2007

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Introduction: Basal metabolic rate (BMR) or sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) is the largest component of total energy expenditure (EE). An accurate prediction of BMR or SMR is needed to accurately predict total EE or physical activity EE for each individual. However, large variability in BMR and SMR has been reported. Objectives: This study was designed to develop prediction equations using body size measurements for the estimation of both SMR and BMR and to compare the prediction errors with those in previous reports. Methods: We measured body size, height, weight and body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) from skinfold thickness in adult Japanese men (n ¼ 71) and women (n ¼ 66). SMR was determined as the sum of EE during 8 h of sleep (SMR-8h) and minimum EE during 3 consecutive hours of sleep (SMR-3h) measured using two open-circuit indirect human calorimeters. BMR was determined using a human calorimeter or a mask and Douglas bag. Results: The study population ranged widely in age. The SMR/BMR ratio was 1.0170.09 (range 0.82-1.42) for SMR-8h and 0.9470.07 (range 0.77-1.23) for SMR-3h. The prediction equations for SMR accounted for a 3À5% larger variance with 2-3% smaller standard error of estimate (SEE) than the prediction equations for BMR. Discussion: SMR can be predicted more accurately than previously reported, which indicates that SMR interindividual variability is smaller than expected, at least for Japanese subjects. The prediction equations for SMR are preferable to those for BMR because the former exhibits a smaller prediction error than the latter.

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Energy metabolism in humans at a lowered ambient temperature

Cited by 92 publications

References 37 publications

Cold‐Induced Adaptive Thermogenesis in Lean and Obese

Cold‐Induced Adaptive Thermogenesis in Lean and Obese

The effect of Antarctic residence on energy dynamics and aerobic fitness

Interindividual variability in sleeping metabolic rate in Japanese subjects

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