Control of optical transparency and infrared laser heating of costal cartilage via injection of iohexol

Abstract

Infrared (IR) laser impact has no analogues for rapid and safe cartilage reshaping. For better penetration of radiation optical clearing agents (OCAs) can be applied. In present work, the effect of low-osmolality agent iohexol on costal cartilage is studied. Specifically, it is shown that ½ of total increase of optical transparency occurs in 20 minutes of immersion. Maximally, cartilage transparency on 1560 nm can be increased in 1.5 times. Injection of iohexol results in increased tissue hygroscopicity, lower drying rate and higher percentage of bound water. Effective diffusion coefficients of water liberation at 21°C are (5.3 ± 0.4) × 10 and (3.3 ± 0.1) × 10 cm /s for untreated and iohexol-modified tissue, respectively. Raman spectroscopy of irradiated iohexol solution reveals its photo and thermo-stability under clinically used IR laser energies up to 350 W/cm for exposure times of several seconds. At energies higher than 500 W/cm [Correction added on 5 September 2018, after first online publication: This unit has been changed] decomposition of iohexol occurs rapidly through formation of molecular iodine and fluorescent residue.

Non-ionic CT contrast solutions rapidly alter bovine cartilage and meniscus mechanics

“…While cartilage sample dimensions did not obviously change, meniscus samples in all contrast solutions distorted to some extent. Both tissues exhibited optical clearing (reduced opacity) with increased contrast agent concentration, evidence of fluid substitution consistent with the use of Omnipaque for tissue clearing in microscopy [33][34][35] .…”

Magnetic resonance contrast agents in optical clearing: Prospects for multimodal tissue imaging

“…The observed lower efficacy of OC achieved ex vivo in the case of iso‐osmolar X‐ray CA iodixanol (Visipaque) may be associated with a relatively high molecular mass (1550.19 g/mol) compared to approximately 50% lower mass of iohexol molecules (821.14 g/mol) of previously tested iodine‐containing X‐ray CA Omnipaque. The latter has been reported to improve optical transparency of a number of tissues [20, 23, 27, 34–37], and also can be potentially used instead of Visipaque for CEST imaging [42]. While the OC efficiency of Visipaque was not as high as in the case of MR CAs the concept of three‐modal MRI/CT/optical tissue imaging by using an iodine‐based X‐ray CA may be suggested considering the data of this study.…”

“…Some detergents in the concentration range of 0.5% to 2% can be used for allowing iohexol to penetrate more efficiently into the tissue [20]. In addition, since X-ray CAs have been well studied as effective OCAs [8,20,[34][35][36][37], a combination of X-ray and optical imaging is feasible.…”

Infrared Laser Effect on Healthy and Ossified Costal Cartilage: The Development of Stable Load‐Bearing Autoimplants

“…Light propagation through different types of cartilage was measured on the wavelengths of 1560 nm following the methodology described in [10]. The optical fiber system equipped with Erbium‐doped glass fiber laser (IPG Photonics) with Gaussian beam ( d = 600 μm) was used.…”