Control of Mushroom Sciarid Fly Lycoriella ingenua Populations With Insect Growth Regulators Applied by Soil Drench

Abstract

Mushroom sciarid fly Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour, 1839) comb. nov., is one of the most common fly pests affecting the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach in Turkey. In this study, eight insect growth regulators (IGRs)--diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, lufenuron, methoprene, novaluron, pyriproxyfen, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron-were tested for their potential to control L. ingenua populations in two successive growing periods. Treatments were targeted at larvae as soil drenches; treatment efficacy was evaluated by assessing adult emergence and larval damage. These products were compared with a control treated with water (negative control) and a conventional chemical insecticide (chlorpyrifos ethyl) (positive control). Treatments with the IGRs caused significant reductions in emerging adult numbers and sporophore damage rates compared with the water-treated control over the two growing periods. Of the IGRs tested, novaluron, diflubenzuron, and teflubenzuron had significantly lower numbers of emerging adults than the rest of the IGRs and chlorpyrifos ethyl-treated control in both periods. Treatments with teflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, novaluron, and diflubenzuron resulted in significantly lower sporophore damage rates than all other treatments. Compared with negative control, there were no significant yield reductions due to applications of selected IGRs. The results suggest that all the IGRs tested can be used as alternatives to conventional pesticides in controlling L. ingenua populations on mushroom.

Occurrence and control of mushroom flies during Agaricus bisporus cultivation in Chungnam, Korea

“…버섯파리는 파리목(Diptera)에 속하는 곤충으로 크게 네 가지 그룹 또는 계통으로 분류되는데 세시드(Cecidomyiidae), 포리드(Phoridae), 마이세토필(Mycetophilidae), 그리고 시 아리드(Sciaridae)로 알려져 있다. 이러한 버섯파리들은 우리나라를 포함해 거의 세계 모든 나라에서 발생하여 지 속적인 문제를 발생시키는 해충이 되고 있다 (Wyatt, 1963;Clift, 1979;White, 1985;Kim and Hwang, 1996;Erler et al, 2011). 버섯파리는 우리나라 양송이뿐만 아니라 표고, 느타리 버섯 등에서 다량으로 발생하여 심각한 피해를 주고 있는 중요한 해충으로 알려져 있다 (Kim et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2012;Shin et al, 2012, Kwon et al, 2013.…”

Biología de Lycoriella ingenua y Bradysia impatiens (Diptera: Sciaridae)

“…L. ingenua es una plaga común en el cultivo de hongos y en invernaderos, la especie puede encontrarse también en suelos forestales y en áreas agrícolas (Mohring, et al, 2012). En el mundo L. ingenua es considerada una plaga importante en la producción del hongo A. bisporus (Erler et al, 2011;O´Connor y Keil, 2005;Shamshad et al, 2009;White et al, 2000). Esta especie se distribuyen en Asia (Japón y Korea), Europa (Polonia, Gran Bretaña), Norte América, México, Rusia, Turquía, Australia.…”

“…Esta especie se distribuyen en Asia (Japón y Korea), Europa (Polonia, Gran Bretaña), Norte América, México, Rusia, Turquía, Australia. Probablemente L. ingenua tenga una distribución cosmopolita (Erler et al, 2011;Komarov, 2007;Lewandowski et al, 2004;Mohring, et al, 2012;Pérez et al, 2013;Shamshad et al, 2008;Shin, et al, 2012). Se recolectaron 48 adultos de L. ingenua de las cámaras de cría, De los cuales cuatro machos fueron procesados molecularmente; las secuencias genéticas fueron depositadas en el GenBank con número de acceso KP100538.…”

“…Las larvas de estos insectos se alimentan de hongos, algas y materia orgánica en descomposición, eventualmente bajo ciertas circunstancias son capaces de perforar raíces sanas de diferentes especies y semillas carnosas, y en infestaciones severas ocasiona la muerte de la planta (Aguilera y Ortega, 1996;Cibrián et al, 2008;Landis et al, 1989;Mansilla et al, 2001;Springer, 1995aSpringer, , 1995b. Varias especies de la familia Sciaridae son documentadas como plagas de importancia económica en invernaderos de ornamentales, hortícolas y forestales, y en la producción del hongo Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach, 1946(Erler et al, 2011Landis et al, 1989;Loudon, 1978;O´Connor y Keil, 2005;Radin et al, 2009;Shin et al, 2012;Smith et al, 2006;Steffan, 1981;White et al, 2000). Las plantas atacadas por las larvas del mosquito fungoso negro manifiestan síntomas como pérdida de vigor, marchitez, desprendimiento de hojas, escaso crecimiento y amarillamiento de follaje (Cibrián et al, 2008, Landis et al, 1989Pundt, 1999).…”

Enantioselective dissipation of pyriproxyfen in soils and sand

“…Pyriproxyfen is active against a number of housefly, mosquito, and cockroach species and used as a feed‐through compound in poultry, cattle, and swine. In particular, it was suggested that pyriproxyfen could be used to control sciarid populations on mushrooms . The maximum residue limits were 0.5 mg/kg in cottonseed and citrus fruits and 1 mg/kg in tomato according to the Chinese national standard .…”