Control of EHV-1 viremia and nasal shedding by commercial vaccines

Goehring, Lutz S.; Wagner, Bettina; Bigbie, R.; Hussey, Stephen B.; Rao, Sangeeta; Morley, Paul S.; Lunn, D.P.

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.065

Cited by 82 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…According to Soboll-Hussey et al (35), horses experimentally infected with a neuropathogenic EHV-1 strain produced almost no IgG3/5, short-lived IgG1 and IgG6, and strong IgG4/7 responses that mimicked the increase in SN titers. Goehring et al (12) similarly observed correlations of IgG1 and IgG4/7 with SN patterns following a high-dose experimental infection with a neuropathogenic strain of EHV-1, providing further evidence of the diagnostic value of these markers as correlates of protection. Field-based evidence from natural infections, however, is still lacking.…”

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confidence: 84%

“…The available inactivated vaccines are mostly effective at generating serum virus neutralization (SN) responses, possibly due to the feasibility of SN testing in the vaccine screening process. In addition, one modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine is available in North America, and it confers a high level of protection against fever and other clinical signs of disease but is not labeled for use in pregnant mares (12,13). No vaccine is completely effective at eliminating nasopharyngeal virus shedding or cell-associated viremia, which are the detectable parameters of most concern.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, SN titers during experimental infection or vaccination studies have been correlated with protection from some clinical signs of disease (12,13). A further complication is that EHV-1 and EHV-4 can cross-react in SN testing (15).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Immunological Correlates of Vaccination and Infection for Equine Herpesvirus 1

Goodman

Wimer

Dubovi

et al. 2012

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) induces a variety of disease manifestations, including respiratory disease, abortions, and myeloencephalopathy. Several vaccines are commercially available but could not previously be distinguished by serologic testing from infection with EHV-1 (or the closely related EHV-4). Currently available vaccines are not reliably protective against the severe manifestations of the disease, including fatal myeloencephalopathy. We determined immunological parameters that can differentiate vaccinated from previously infected animals by comparing humoral and cellular EHV-1-specific responses in clinically healthy horses 10 months after vaccination. Forty-seven horses with known histories of vaccination and infection were studied, including a group of horses that survived a severe neurological outbreak 5 years prior to vaccination. Results of serum virus neutralization (SN), serum IgG isotyping, and cytokine profiling of lymphocyte subsets were compared. IgG4/7 levels strongly correlated with virus neutralization (P < 0.0001). IgG1/3 and SN values distinguished vaccinated/outbreak-exposed (vacc/outbreak) horses from vaccinated horses (P < 0.05). EHV-1-specific gamma interferon (IFN-␥)-producing CD4 ؉ (but not CD8 ؉ ) T-cell numbers were also increased in vacc/outbreak horses, which distinguished them from vaccinated horses (P < 0.01). IFN-␣ secretion was similar between all groups and independent of previous exposure or vaccination. Our data suggest that IgG isotype responses to EHV-1 are more diverse under field conditions than is revealed by experimental studies and that the current modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine induces a more restricted IgG isotype response than does natural exposure to EHV-1. Since these parameters can be assessed in a high-throughput manner, they may prove useful in screening future vaccine candidates and assessing levels of protection.

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confidence: 84%

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confidence: 99%

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Immunological Correlates of Vaccination and Infection for Equine Herpesvirus 1

Goodman

Wimer

Dubovi

et al. 2012

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…However, unlike EIV there are no definitive immune correlates of protection to assess vaccine efficacy against EHV‐1/4. Nevertheless, in several vaccination studies serum‐neutralising (SN) antibodies have correlated with protection against some clinical signs and reduced duration of virus shedding 9, 10, 11. The objective of this study was to evaluate virus‐specific antibody titres induced following concurrent and consecutive vaccination against EIV and EHV‐1/4 using the inactivated whole‐virus EIV vaccine Duvaxyn IE Plus and the inactivated bivalent EHV‐1/4 vaccine Duvaxyn EHV‐1,4.…”

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confidence: 99%

Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus – a practical approach

Gildea

Higgins²,

Johnson

et al. 2016

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundThere is a lack of information concerning concurrent administration of vaccines against equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV‐1/4).ObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to determine the impact of the concurrent use of EIV and EHV‐1/4 vaccines in Thoroughbred racehorses on their humoral immune response to EIV.MethodsThis study was carried out on a population of 30 horses using an inactivated whole‐virus EIV vaccine and an inactivated EHV‐1/4 vaccine. Horses were randomly allocated to vaccination group A or B. Horses in group A were vaccinated against EIV and EHV‐1/4 2 weeks apart. Horses in group B were vaccinated against EIV and EHV‐1/4 on the same day. Whole‐blood samples were collected on the day of vaccination and 2 weeks and 6 weeks post‐vaccination. Antibody levels against EIV and EHV‐1/4 were measured using the single radial haemolysis and serum neutralisation test, respectively.ResultsThe pattern of EIV antibody response post‐vaccination was similar for both groups. Highest EIV antibody levels were recorded 2 weeks post‐vaccination, and a significant decrease in antibody level was observed 4 weeks later. Horses in group B demonstrated a significantly higher EIV antibody response post‐vaccination. Overall, there was no significant difference in EHV‐1/4 antibody response between the two groups post‐vaccination.ConclusionIn this study, concurrent vaccination against EIV and EHV‐1/4 increased the response to EIV and did not compromise the humoral immune response to EHV‐1/4.

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“…Anti-IgGa CVS48 recognizes recombinant equine IgG1 exclusively, anti-IgGb CVS39 recognizes recombinant IgG4 and IgG7, while anti-IgG(T) CVS38 strongly recognizes recombinant IgG5 but also displays some weak recognition of recombinant IgG3 (6). In addition, MAbs 159-4 and 416-2 were used to identify IgG3 and IgG5, respectively (2,23). Sera (or plasma) were diluted 1:500 for all merozoitespecific IgG subclass ELISAs.…”

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confidence: 99%