Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus – a practical approach

Gildea, Sarah; Higgins, Maria Jose Sanchez; Johnson, Gillian P.; Walsh, Cathal; Cullinane, Ann

doi:10.1111/irv.12396

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…The primary focus of our research is to maximize the effectiveness of vaccination in the target equine population by developing science-based regimes and to evaluate vaccine performance in the field [5,[8][9][10][11]. It is important to minimize costs, and the expenditure on vaccination programs can be reduced by concurrent vaccination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart

et al. 2021

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This study compared concurrent and separate primary vaccination against equid alphaherpesviruses 1 and 4, genus Varicellovirus, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, family Herpesviridae, and equine influenza A virus, genus Alphainfluenzavirus, family Orthomyxoviridae. Their vernacular names are equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1/4) and equine influenza virus (EIV). Infection with these respiratory pathogens is associated with loss of performance, interruption of training schedules, and on occasion, cancellation of equestrian events. Vaccination is highly recommended, and for some activities it is a mandatory requirement of the relevant authority. As there is a dearth of information relating to the impact of concurrent vaccination on the antibody response to EHV and EIV vaccines, they are usually administered separately, often 2 weeks apart. In a previous study of booster vaccination in Thoroughbred racehorses, concurrent vaccination with whole-virus inactivated carbopoladjuvanted EHV and EIV vaccines did not impact negatively on the antibody response. In this study, investigations were extended to concurrent versus separate primary vaccination of warmblood foals. A field study was conducted to compare the immune response to a carbopol-adjuvanted EHV vaccine and an immune stimulating complex (ISCOM)-adjuvanted EI vaccine administered concurrently and 2 weeks apart. No adverse clinical reactions were observed, the pattern of EI and EHV antibody response was similar for both groups, and there was no evidence that concurrent primary vaccination compromised the humoral response. The results are of relevance to horse owners who wish to decrease veterinary costs, limit handling of young animals, and simplify record keeping by vaccinating concurrently.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart

et al. 2021

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“…The use of aluminium hydroxide gel adjuvant has been shown to be safe in inactivated vaccines, promoting good immunity. The administration of the vaccine combined with the inactivated equine herpes vaccine has shown an improvement in the immune response against EIV (Paillot et al, 2006(Paillot et al, , 2008Horspool and King, 2013;Gildea et al, 2016).…”

Section: Prophylaxismentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

Dionísio

Medeiros

Pequito

et al. 2021

Anim. Health. Res. Rev.

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Influenza is an extremely contagious respiratory disease, which predominantly affects the upper respiratory tract. There are four types of influenza virus, and pigs and chickens are considered two key reservoirs of this virus. Equine influenza (EI) virus was first identified in horses in 1956, in Prague. The influenza A viruses responsible for EI are H7N7 and H3N8. Outbreaks of EI are characterized by their visible and rapid spread, and it has been possible to isolate and characterize H3N8 outbreaks in several countries. The clinical diagnosis of this disease is based on the clinical signs presented by the infected animals, which can be confirmed by performing complementary diagnostic tests. In the diagnosis of EI, in the field, rapid antigen detection tests can be used for a first approach. Treatment is based on the management of the disease and rest for the animal. Regarding the prognosis, it will depend on several factors, such as the animal's vaccination status. One of the important points in this disease is its prevention, which can be done through vaccination. In addition to decreasing the severity of clinical signs and morbidity during outbreaks, vaccination ensures immunity for the animals, reducing the economic impact of this disease.

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“…However, Japanese strain A/equine/La Plata/1993 used in vaccine was not able to generate cross-neutralizing antibodies against Florida sublineage clade 2 (isolated from Ireland and UK) EIV due to single substitution (from alanine to valine) at 144 position in the antigenic A site of the HA gene (Yamanaka et al, 2015 ). Administration of combined inactivated equine influenza virus vaccine with equine herpes virus vaccine has shown increased immune response against EIV (Gildea et al, 2016 ). Few associated disadvantages with these inactivated vaccines are their poor immunogenicity and predominant short-term humoral immunity, which necessitates repeated immunization (Heldens et al, 2004 ).…”

Section: Prevention and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies

et al. 2018

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Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.

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Concurrent vaccination against equine influenza and equine herpesvirus – a practical approach

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart

Primary vaccination in foals: a comparison of the serological response to equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccines administered concurrently or 2 weeks apart

Equine influenza: a comprehensive review from etiology to treatment

A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies

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