Objective:to evaluate the association of primary health care and other potential factors in
relation to hospitalization due to pneumonia, among children aged under five
years. Method:epidemiological study with a case-control, hospital-based design, which included
345 cases and 345 controls, matched according to gender, age and hospital. Data
were collected using a pre-coded questionnaire and the Primary Care Assessment
Tool, analyzed by means of multivariate logistic regression, following the
assumptions of a hierarchical approach. Results:the protective factors were: family income >US$216.12 (OR=0.68), weight gain
during pregnancy ≥10 kg (OR=0.68), quality of Primary Health Care (OR for scores
>3.41=0.57; OR for scores >3.17 and ≤3.41=0.50), gastro-esophageal reflux
(OR=0.55), overweight (OR=0.37) and birth interval ≥48 months (OR=0.28). The risk
factors included: parity (2 childbirths: OR=4.60; ≥3 childbirths: OR=3.25),
out-of-date vaccination (OR=2.81), undernutrition (OR=2.53), history of wheezing
(≥3 episodes OR=2.37; 1 episode: OR=2.13), attendance at daycare center (OR=1.67),
and use of medicines over the past month (OR=1.67). Conclusion:primary health care and its child health care practices, such as nutritional
monitoring, immunization, care to prevalent illnesses, prenatal care and family
planning need to be prioritized to avoid child hospitalization due to
pneumonia.