Contributions of lower extremity kinematics to trunk accelerations during moderate treadmill running

Lindsay, Timothy R.; Yaggie, James A.; McGregor, Stephen J.

doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-162

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…In line with these observations, the best overall stability of head and pelvis accelerations was achieved when preferred step length and cadence and, therefore, walking speed were employed [38]. Similarly, in running, an association between lower extremity and pelvis kinematics and the upper trunk and head stability has also been demonstrated [52,53].…”

Section: Coordination and Head Stabilitysupporting

confidence: 60%

Locomotor Coordination, Visual Perception and Head Stability during Running

2020

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Perception and action are coupled such that information from the perceptual system is related to the dynamics of action in order to regulate behavior adaptively. Using running as a model of a cyclic behavior, this coupling involves a continuous, cyclic relationship between the runner's perception of the environment and the necessary adjustments of the body that ultimately result in a stable pattern of behavior. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how individuals relate visual perception to rhythmic locomotor coordination patterns in conditions during which foot-ground collisions and visual task demands are altered. We review the findings of studies conducted to illustrate how humans change their behavior to maintain head stability during running with and without various degrees of visual challenge from the environment. Finally, we show that the human body adapts specific segment/joint configuration and coordination patterns to maintain head stability, both in the lower extremity and upper body segments, together with an increase in coordinative variability. These results indicate that in human locomotion, under higher speed (running) and visual task demands, systematic adaptations occur in the rhythmic coupling between the perceptual and movement systems.

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Section: Coordination and Head Stabilitysupporting

confidence: 60%

Locomotor Coordination, Visual Perception and Head Stability during Running

2020

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“…Running is one of the most popular recreational physical activities in the world, as it provides substantial health benefits at minimal expense [1]. Inertial measurement unit (IMU) is a sensor equipped with a triaxial accelerometer gyroscope and/or magnetometer, leading to a direct detection of the linear acceleration and angular velocity of the body segment to which they are attached.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Related research studies in the running field, employing an IMU system, focused mainly on lower limb kinematics [6] with several different purposes, such as describing the running pattern [7], investigating the epidemiology and risk factors for injuries [8], assessing the effect of biomechanical interventions on kinetic, kinematic, and spatiotemporal running variables during rehabilitation from running injuries [9], just to name a few. On the contrary, upper body biomechanics in runners has been poorly investigated, and reported measurements are mostly derived from triaxial accelerometers placed on the lower trunk, in the attempt to describe the center of mass kinematics [1,10]. However, it has been recognized that the dynamic stability of the upper body is a primary objective of human locomotion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it has been recognized that the dynamic stability of the upper body is a primary objective of human locomotion. Low and smooth accelerations of the upper body are considered as characteristics of a stable gait [1] that could be linked to lower energy consumption and reduced risk of injury [1,11]. Upper trunk stability during walking and running results from attenuation mechanisms of the oscillations caused by the lower limb movements [12] and influences the transmission to the head of the shock provoked by the ground reaction force (GRF) [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upper trunk stability during walking and running results from attenuation mechanisms of the oscillations caused by the lower limb movements [12] and influences the transmission to the head of the shock provoked by the ground reaction force (GRF) [13]. During running gait, the collision of foot with ground generates the resultant GRF necessary for forward propulsion and support against gravity [1]. GRF provokes a shock from the lower to the upper body, along the kinetic chain [1,13,14] that is dissipated by the combination of passive (e.g., deformation of ligaments, muscle oscillation, increase in knee flexion, and limited protonation of the foot) and active mechanisms (e.g., increased muscle activation).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between Lower Limb Kinematics and Upper Trunk Acceleration in Recreational Runners

Simoni

Pancani

Vannetti

et al. 2020

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

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Upper trunk (UT) kinematics in runners and its relationship with lower limbs has been poorly investigated, although it is acknowledged that dynamic stability of the upper body is a primary objective of human locomotion. This study aimed to explore UT kinematics according to gender and level of training and in relation to lower limb run patterns described through the presence of: overstriding, crossover, excessive protonation, and pelvic drop. Lower body variables chosen to describe running pattern were those that are frequently modified during gait-retraining with the goal of reducing injury risk. Eighty-seven recreational runners (28 females and 59 males, age 41 ± 10 years) performed a one minute run test on a treadmill at self-selected speed. UT kinematics was measured using an inertial measurement unit, while run features were assessed through an optoelectronic system and video analysis. Accelerations and root-mean-square on mediolateral and anteroposterior axes, normalized using the vertical component of the acceleration, were estimated to describe UT stability. Results showed no significant differences in the normalized UT acceleration root-mean-square according to gender and level of training as well as according to the presence of overstriding, crossover, and excessive protonation. The only running strategy studied in this work that showed a significant relationship with UT stability was the presence of excessive pelvic drop. The latter was significantly associated (p=0.020) to a decrease in the normalized acceleration root-mean-square along the mediolateral direction. Although the excessive pelvic drop seemed to have a positive effect in stabilizing the upper body, concerns remain on the effect of a poor control of the pelvis on the biomechanics of lower limbs. Results obtained confirm the hypothesis that the lower body is able to respond to varying impact load conditions to maintain UT stability.

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Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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Background Running gait assessment has traditionally been performed using subjective observation or expensive laboratory-based objective technologies, such as three-dimensional motion capture or force plates. However, recent developments in wearable devices allow for continuous monitoring and analysis of running mechanics in any environment. Objective measurement of running gait is an important (clinical) tool for injury assessment and provides measures that can be used to enhance performance. Objectives We aimed to systematically review the available literature investigating how wearable technology is being used for running gait analysis in adults. Methods A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the following scientific databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. Information was extracted from each included article regarding the type of study, participants, protocol, wearable device(s), main outcomes/measures, analysis and key findings. Results A total of 131 articles were reviewed: 56 investigated the validity of wearable technology, 22 examined the reliability and 77 focused on applied use. Most studies used inertial measurement units (n = 62) [i.e. a combination of accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers in a single unit] or solely accelerometers (n = 40), with one using gyroscopes alone and 31 using pressure sensors. On average, studies used one wearable device to examine running gait. Wearable locations were distributed among the shank, shoe and waist. The mean number of participants was 26 (± 27), with an average age of 28.3 (± 7.0) years. Most studies took place indoors (n = 93), using a treadmill (n = 62), with the main aims seeking to identify running gait outcomes or investigate the effects of injury, fatigue, intrinsic factors (e.g. age, sex, morphology) or footwear on running gait outcomes. Generally, wearables were found to be valid and reliable tools for assessing running gait compared to reference standards. Conclusions This comprehensive review highlighted that most studies that have examined running gait using wearable sensors have done so with young adult recreational runners, using one inertial measurement unit sensor, with participants running on a treadmill and reporting outcomes of ground contact time, stride length, stride frequency and tibial acceleration. Future studies are required to obtain consensus regarding terminology, protocols for testing validity and the reliability of devices and suitability of gait outcomes. Clinical Trial Registration CRD42021235527.

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Contributions of lower extremity kinematics to trunk accelerations during moderate treadmill running

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

Locomotor Coordination, Visual Perception and Head Stability during Running

Locomotor Coordination, Visual Perception and Head Stability during Running

Relationship between Lower Limb Kinematics and Upper Trunk Acceleration in Recreational Runners

Wearables for Running Gait Analysis: A Systematic Review

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