Contributions of Head-Mounted Cameras to Studying the Visual Environments of Infants and Young Children

Smith, Linda B.; Yu, Chen; Yoshida, Hanako; Fausey, Caitlin M.

doi:10.1080/15248372.2014.933430

Cited by 121 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Most notably, the visual perspective and the task of the HSP participants differ from those of the child in the video. With respect to the visual perspective, there is indeed a growing literature identifying differences between the information available from a 1 st person vs. 3 rd person view of a task or interaction, some of which were discussed in our introductory remarks (Yoshida & Smith, 2008; see also Kretch, Franchak & Adolph, 2014; Smith, Yu, Yoshida & Fausey, in press). Striking as these eye-view differences are, the question is how they impact the ability to read referential intent from these two camera angles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceiving referential intent: Dynamics of reference in natural parent–child interactions

et al. 2016

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Two studies are presented which examined the temporal dynamics of the social-attentive behaviors that co-occur with referent identification during natural parent-child interactions in the home. Study 1 focused on 6.2 hours of videos of 56 parents interacting during everyday activities with their 14–18 month-olds, during which parents uttered common nouns as parts of spontaneously occurring utterances. Trained coders recorded, on a second-by-second basis, parent and child attentional behaviors relevant to reference in the period (40 sec.) immediately surrounding parental naming. The referential transparency of each interaction was independently assessed by having naïve adult participants guess what word the parent had uttered in these video segments, but with the audio turned off, forcing them to use only non-linguistic evidence available in the ongoing stream of events. We found a great deal of ambiguity in the input along with a few potent moments of word-referent transparency; these transparent moments have a particular temporal signature with respect to parent and child attentive behavior: it was the object’s appearance and/or the fact that it captured parent/child attention at the moment the word was uttered, not the presence of the object throughout the video, that predicted observers’ accuracy. Study 2 experimentally investigated the precision of the timing relation, and whether it has an effect on observer accuracy, by disrupting the timing between when the word was uttered and the behaviors present in the videos as they were originally recorded. Disrupting timing by only +/− 1 to 2 sec. reduced participant confidence and significantly decreased their accuracy in word identification. The results enhance an expanding literature on how dyadic attentional factors can influence early vocabulary growth. By hypothesis, this kind of time-sensitive data-selection process operates as a filter on input, removing many extraneous and ill-supported word-meaning hypotheses from consideration during children’s early vocabulary learning.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceiving referential intent: Dynamics of reference in natural parent–child interactions

et al. 2016

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“…Head cameras measure the scene in front of the viewer but do not provide direct information as to momentary gaze, which in principle could be outside of the head camera image [38]. However, head mounted eye-tracking studies show that under active viewing conditions, human observers including infants typically turn both heads and eyes in the same direction, align heads and eyes within 500 ms of a directional shift, and maintain head and eye alignment when sustaining attention [44,46,48 -54].…”

Section: Materials and Methods (A) Collection Of The Corpusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Egocentric vision is an emerging field that studies vision from the individual perceiver's point of view; a viewpoint dependent on momentary location and bodily orientation [38][39][40][41]. Research with infants, toddlers and adults (e.g.…”

Section: (B) Visual Statistics As the Proposed Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research with infants, toddlers and adults (e.g. [39,40,[42][43][44][45][46][47]) using head cameras and head-mounted eye trackers shows that egocentric views are highly selective (see [38] for review). Figure 1 provides an illustration; the environment near the infant contains many objects: the sink, the father, the woman at the sink, the clock and the dog.…”

Section: (B) Visual Statistics As the Proposed Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real-world visual statistics and infants' first-learned object names

Clerkin

Hart

Rehg

et al. 2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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194

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One contribution of 13 to a theme issue 'New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences'. We offer a new solution to the unsolved problem of how infants break into word learning based on the visual statistics of everyday infant-perspective scenes. Images from head camera video captured by 8 1/2 to 10 1/2 monthold infants at 147 at-home mealtime events were analysed for the objects in view. The images were found to be highly cluttered with many different objects in view. However, the frequency distribution of object categories was extremely right skewed such that a very small set of objects was pervasively present-a fact that may substantially reduce the problem of referential ambiguity. The statistical structure of objects in these infant egocentric scenes differs markedly from that in the training sets used in computational models and in experiments on statistical word-referent learning. Therefore, the results also indicate a need to re-examine current explanations of how infants break into word learning.This article is part of the themed issue 'New frontiers for statistical learning in the cognitive sciences'.

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“…These are becoming increasingly better understood with the rising use of head cameras (Aslin, 2009; Frank et al, 2013; Kretch et al, 2014; Schmitow & Stenberg, 2015; Schmitow, Stenberg, Billard, & von Hoffsten, 2013; Smith et al, 2014). One potential limit concerns the relation between eye and head direction, because head cameras measure head direction and not gaze direction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why are faces denser in the visual experiences of younger than older infants?

Jayaraman

Fausey

Smith

2017

Developmental Psychology

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Recent evidence from studies using head cameras suggests that the frequency of faces directly in front of infants declines over the first year and a half of life, a result that has implications for the development of and evolutionary constraints on face processing. Two experiments tested two opposing hypotheses about this observed age-related decline in the frequency of faces in infant views. By the People-input hypothesis, there are more faces in view for younger infants because people are more often physically in front of younger than older infants. This hypothesis predicts that not just faces but views of other body parts will decline with age. By the Face-input hypothesis, the decline is strictly about faces, not people or other body parts in general. Two experiments, one using a time-sampling method (84 infants 3 to 24 months in age) and the other analyses of head camera images (36 infants 1 to 24 months) provide strong support for the Face-input hypothesis. The results suggest developmental constraints on the environment that ensure faces are prevalent early in development.

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Contributions of Head-Mounted Cameras to Studying the Visual Environments of Infants and Young Children

Cited by 121 publications

References 69 publications

Perceiving referential intent: Dynamics of reference in natural parent–child interactions

Perceiving referential intent: Dynamics of reference in natural parent–child interactions

Real-world visual statistics and infants' first-learned object names

Why are faces denser in the visual experiences of younger than older infants?

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