Contributions of Agroforestry Systems to Food Provisioning of Peasant Households: Conflicts and Synergies in Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract

Traditional agroforestry systems are widely recognized for their contributions to provisioning, support, regulation, and cultural services. However, because of the advancement of industrial agriculture and a corporative food system, peasants' food systems are rapidly undergoing transformation. We identify the contributions of four types of agroforestry systems (AFS)—shade cocoa agroforest, shade coffee agroforest, milpas and homegardens—to food provisioning in peasant families and discuss conflicts between traditional food systems and the contemporary industrial model of production and consumption confronted by peasants and semi-proletarian migrants. We carried out research in 17 peasant communities in Chiapas, Mexico, and conducted 97 semi-structured interviews and agroecological inventories with peasant families, and 15 interviews with semi-proletarian families laboring in shade-grown coffee plantations. Thirty-nine weekly food diaries were applied in two communities. We recorded 108 plant species belonging to 49 botanic families. These species play an important role as sources of carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids. Despite the extraordinary agrobiodiversity of peasant agroecosystems, peasant families (PF) are changing their AFS' structure, composition and functions due to the influence of agribusiness, global markets, and public policies that orient changes in production and marketing, which in turn devalue local food, agrobiodiversity, and knowledge. Changing perceptions regarding the value of “good food” vs. “food of the poor” and competition over land use between traditional and modern systems are driving changes in diet, food sources, and health of PF who are including industrialized foods in their diets, driving changes in consumption patterns and affecting human health. For semi-proletarian migrants laboring in coffee plantations, land access in and outside of the plantation and strengthening social networks could mean access to healthier and culturally appropriate foods. While peasants have historically responded to market and household needs, articulating both activities to satisfy family needs and provide income is limited. This work highlights the urgent need to acknowledge the non-monetary value of local foods, agrobiodiversity, local knowledge, community building, and the need to work towards securing land access for landless workers in Latin America.

Autoabasto en la dieta campesina del Totonacapan poblano (México): implicaciones para la agrodiversidad

“…Pero, por otra parte, Colozza y Avendano (2019) encontraron que las dietas tradicionales, con gran contenido de cereales y productos vegetales, siguen siendo dominantes en las zonas rurales y urbanas a pesar de la urbanización y de la oferta de componentes industrializados. Así mismo se ha puesto de manifiesto que en las zonas campesinas aún se observa una gran diversidad de plantas alimenticias y que se mantiene el conocimiento tradicional para su aprovechamiento, aun cuando algunas se están subutilizando (Solís-Becerra y Estrada-Lugo, 2014;Soto-Pinto et al, 2022).…”

“…Debido a su poco uso en la alimentación campesina del Totonacapan poblano y en otras regiones del país, se encuentran en alguna categoría de riesgo contemplada en la NOM-059-SEMARNAT (Diario Oficial de la Federación, 2019) y en la lista roja de The International Union for Conservation of Nature (2022). Otras investigaciones también han advertido acerca de la reducción de la agrodiversidad útil para la alimentación cuando las familias campesinas cambian sus patrones de consumo y sustituyen los alimentos locales por otros(Soto-Pinto et al, 2022).…”