Contribution of snacks and meals in the diet of French adults: a diet-diary study

Bellisle, F.; Dalix, Anne-Marie; Mennen, Louise; Galán, Pilar; Herçberg, Serge; Castro, John M. de; Gausserès, Nicolas

doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00088-x

Cited by 109 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The effect of snacking on dietary intakes and their relationship with health (obesity, adequate calorie levels in older adults, etc.) has been examined but results are contradictory [26][27][28][29][30][31] . This article has analysed only those changes in the number of usual meals consumed by the general population based on specific questions included in the general questionnaire.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in dietary habits and food consumption in Catalonia, Spain (1992–2003)

Ribas‐Barba

Serra-Majem

Salvador

et al. 2007

PHN

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Objective: To analyse trends in food habits and food consumption from 1992 to 2003. Design: Two consecutive cross-sectional nutrition surveys were carried out on random samples of the Catalan population (Evaluation of Nutritional Status in Catalonia (ENCAT) 1992-93 and ENCAT 2002-03). Dietary intake was assessed by means of two 24-hour recalls on non-consecutive days and a food frequency questionnaire was used to ascertain tendencies in the frequency of food consumption. Setting: Catalonia region, Northeastern Spain. Results: The trends from 1992 to 2003 showed an increase in eating between meals and outside the home. There was also an upsurge in consumers for fast food, especially among young adults. Notable decreases in fruit consumption (from 301 to 224 g day 21 ) as well as in vegetables, potatoes, meat (red meat and chicken), fish (whitefish and seafood) and offals were observed. In contrast, there was an increase in dairy product consumption, in general (from 255 to 312 g day 21 ), as well as low fat and skim milk derivatives. Fruit juice, nuts and olive oil consumption also increased, the latter being consumed daily by 96% of the population. Little variation was observed for the rest of the food groups in the period studied. Overall, Catalonia is characterised by a model of consumption that is quite favourable, inherent to Mediterranean countries but with important differences according to age. Conclusion: Based on the food consumption trends observed in Catalonia, an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables, as well as wholegrain cereals and fish, should be promoted, along with a reduction in the consumption of meat and sausages. The main causes of mortality in developed countries are closely related to diet, alcohol consumption, smoking and low levels of physical activity. Interventions in public health aim to reduce the average health risk for the general population as well as to achieve an optimal state of health and wellbeing. This objective necessitates the development of food and nutrition policies oriented towards the health of the entire community, thus eliminating or decreasing the identified risk factors 1 . As such, public health systems should incorporate a component of nutrition monitoring, an essential tool for the detection of nutrition problems, policy formation and for the planning and evaluation of action programs in both established care settings as well as in emergency situations [2][3][4] . Nutrition monitoring in the community involves the collection and analysis of precise quantitative measures derived from representative samples of the population for the purpose of detecting trends 5,6 . For this reason, the first step would be to conduct an initial baseline survey so as to assess the nutritional status of the population and thus identify and quantify the magnitude of the major nutrition-related problems, as well as to ascertain the causes, at risk groups, related life style determinants, etc. In this way problems can be prioritised, solutions sought,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in dietary habits and food consumption in Catalonia, Spain (1992–2003)

Ribas‐Barba

Serra-Majem

Salvador

et al. 2007

PHN

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“…29 The latter has been advocated by Booth 30 and was used in this study. Secondly, common methods in dietary assessment, such as food records 9,12,19 and 24-h recalls, 5,8,21 are often used to assess habitual intake frequency, but may not be appropriate for this purpose. For example, energy intake is often underreported when using these methods.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it should be noted that the frequency of intake occasions found in the reference subjects concurs with that found in other studies in normal weight subjects and normal populations. 19,21,33,34 For example, in a Nordic study, eating frequency ('just a drink' excluded) was reported to be 4.1 in a Swedish normal population. 34 Bellisle et al 19 reported an average intake of 2.7 meals and 1.3 snacks per day in French normal weight adults and in Swedish students.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,21,33,34 For example, in a Nordic study, eating frequency ('just a drink' excluded) was reported to be 4.1 in a Swedish normal population. 34 Bellisle et al 19 reported an average intake of 2.7 meals and 1.3 snacks per day in French normal weight adults and in Swedish students. 35 In comparison, our obese group reported a similar meal frequency (main meals þ light meals/breakfast), but more frequent snacks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different food groups, such as baked goods, sweets and beverages, have been related to snacking in both adolescent and adult normal weight subjects, as well as normal populations. 8,15,[18][19][20] Comparisons of snacking patterns and snack food choices between obese and nonobese subjects are sparse. No differences in snacking pattern were found between Swedish obese and normal weight men, 21 whereas higher snacking frequency was found in obese women compared to a normal population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population

et al. 2005

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OBJECTIVE:To investigate snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices, taking physical activity into account, in obese vs reference men and women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SUBJECTS: In total, 4259 obese, middle-aged subjects (1891 men and 2368 women) from the baseline examination of the XENDOS study and 1092 subjects (505 men and 587 women) from the SOS reference study were included. MEASUREMENTS: A meal pattern questionnaire describing habitual intake occasions (main meals, light meals/breakfast, snacks, drink-only), a dietary questionnaire describing habitual energy and macronutrient intake and a questionnaire assessing physical activity at work and during leisure time were used. RESULTS: The obese group consumed snacks more frequently compared to the reference group (Po0.001) and women more frequently than men (Po0.001). Energy intake increased with increasing snacking frequency, irrespective of physical activity. Statistically significant differences in trends were found for cakes/cookies, candies/chocolate and desserts for the relation between energy intake and snacking frequency, where energy intake increased more by snacking frequency in obese subjects than in reference subjects. CONCLUSION: Obese subjects were more frequent snackers than reference subjects and women were more frequent snackers than men. Snacks were positively related to energy intake, irrespective of physical activity. Sweet, fatty food groups were associated with snacking and contributed considerably to energy intake. Snacking needs to be considered in obesity treatment, prevention and general dietary recommendations.

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Refined carbohydrate‐rich diet is associated with long‐term risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 allele carriers

Gentreau

Chuy

Féart

et al. 2020

Alzheimer's & Dementia

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INTRODUCTION: In animal models, refined carbohydrates (RF) worsen Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the long-term effects of high RF intake on the risk of dementia and AD are poorly described in epidemiological studies. Moreover, the interaction between RF and apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE-ε4) is unknown. Our study investigated whether RF-rich diets are associated with the risk of dementia and AD. METHODS: The glycemic load was quantified in 2,777 elderly participants from the French Three-City Study to estimate RF intake. Then, the association between glycemic load and risk of dementia and AD, and the interaction with APOE-ε4 over a 12-year period were assessed using proportional hazards models. 1 1 2 RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, high afternoon-snack glycemic load was associated with increased dementia and AD risk in APOE-ε4 carriers (HR = 1.27 [1.03-1.56]). DISCUSSION: This study highlights that RF-rich diets are a risk factor for dementia and AD in APOE-ε4 carriers.

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Contribution of snacks and meals in the diet of French adults: a diet-diary study

Cited by 109 publications

References 23 publications

Trends in dietary habits and food consumption in Catalonia, Spain (1992–2003)

Trends in dietary habits and food consumption in Catalonia, Spain (1992–2003)

Snacking frequency in relation to energy intake and food choices in obese men and women compared to a reference population

Refined carbohydrate‐rich diet is associated with long‐term risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in apolipoprotein E ε4 allele carriers

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