Contribution of breast volume and weight to body fat distribution in females

Katch, Victor L.; Campaigne, Barbara N.; Freedson, Patty S.; Sady, Stanley P.; Katch, Frank I.; Behnke, Albert R.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330530113

Cited by 90 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Individual decreases in %BF via the four-compartment model during the bodybuilders' preparation ranged from 2.4 to 7.2%, with ®nal body fat values of 10.7, 12.2, 10.5, 12.9 and 17.3% obtained 3 ± 5 days prior to competition. The values for four of the subjects were therefore only just above the sum of the hypothesized 4% essential fat and 5% gender-speci®c fat for the female with the balance of 1.5 ± 3.9% comprising storage fat (Katch et al, 1980). Figure 1 emphasizes that most of these losses came from the FM and not the FFM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

et al. 2001

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Objective: To determine anthropometric and body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition. Design: There was an attempt to match subjects in the control and experimental groups for height and percentage body fat (%BF) for the initial test of this longitudinal study. Subjects: Five competitive bodybuilders (X AE s.d.: 35.3 AE 5.7 y; 167.3 AE 3.7 cm; 66.38 AE 6.30 kg; 18.3 AE 3.5 %BF) and ®ve athletic females (X AE s.d.: 30.9AE 13.0 y; 166.9 AE 3.9 cm; 55.94 AE 3.59 kg; 19.1 AE 3.3 %BF) were recruited from advertisements in a bodybuilding newsletter and placed on sports centre noticeboards. Interventions: The following measurements were conducted 12 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 ± 5 d before the bodybuilders' competitions: anthropometric pro®le, body density by underwater weighing, total body water via deuterium dilution and bone mineral mass from a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. A combination of the last three measurements enabled the %BF to the determined by a four compartment model. Results: A signi®cant (P 0.001) 5.80 kg body mass loss by the bodybuilders as they prepared for competition was primarily due to a reduction in fat mass (FM; À4.42 kg; 76.2%) as opposed to fat-free mass (FFM; À1.38 kg; 23.8%). The decreases in body mass and FM over the ®nal 6 weeks were greater than those over the ®rst 6 weeks. Their %BF decreased (P`0.001) from 18.3 to 12.7, whereas the values for the control group remained essentially unchanged at 19.1 ± 19.6 %BF. These body composition changes by the bodybuilders were accompanied by a signi®cant decline (P`0.001) of 25.5 mm (76.3 ± 50.8 mm) in the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (triceps subscapular biceps iliac crest supraspinale abdominal front thigh medial calf). Conclusions: Although the bodybuilders presented with low %BFs at the start of the experiment, they still signi®cantly decreased their body mass during the 12 week preparation for competition and most of this loss was due to a reduction in FM as opposed to FFM. Sponsorship: Australian Research Council (small grants scheme). Descriptors: four-compartment body composition model; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; somatotype

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

et al. 2001

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“…The current study did not aim to explore the source of changes in breast size; however, previous literature has attributed the changes to a combination of menopause and general weight gain (Tonkelaar et al 2004). Discrepancy in the literature regarding the effect of ageing on breast size creates difficulty in understanding mature women's bra requirements (Rosen 2001;Katch et al 2005;Tonkelaar et al 2004). The majority of current bras are manufactured based on sample sizes of a pert 75B prototype model, with some companies also fitting one larger size (Hardaker and Fozzard, 1997); sizes are then heuristically scaled up or down based on this prototype size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The influence of ageing on bra preferences and self-perception of breasts among mature women

et al. 2014

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The ageing process has both psychological and physiological effects on women, and tactical choices are often made regarding beauty interventions to mask the outward signs of increasing age. The bra is believed to counteract the negative effects of ageing on the breast and alter the perceptions of one's body. Due to the profound anatomical changes to the breast with increasing age, this paper aimed to examine the influence of ageing on women's perceptions of their breasts and their bra preferences. 208 women aged 45-65 years were surveyed about their breasts, their bras and how they felt ageing may have influenced these. The findings showed 80 % of women surveyed had noticed a significant change in their breasts with ageing, just 7 % of the women surveyed were still proud of their breasts and 84 % of women dressed to look younger. Further, over 50 % of respondents would now not wear the bra they had worn in their twenties, indicating a change in bra preferences with age. The bra variables of primary importance to participants were: comfort, the bra's ability to stay in place, optimal fit, appearance under clothing, support, discreetness, shoulder strap design, silhouette, breast shape, fabric and breast lift. These variables are perceived as being influential in the appropriateness of the bra and its social role for mature women; therefore, it is these bra variables that should be the focus of subsequent research regarding the optimisation of bras for women aged 45-65 years.

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“…Based on average physical dimensions derived from anthropometric measurements on thousands of individuals from Western populations, Albert Behnke developed a theoretical "reference woman" and "reference man" (14) to use as a comparative framework. The reference woman, between 20 and 24 y of age, has 36% muscle of total body mass, 12% bone, and 24-31% fat, and the reference man has 43% muscle and 12-20% fat (14,41,42). Averages for body fat, typically 25% for women and 15% for men, are proposed as a basis for evaluation in diverse groups, such as athletes and underweight or obese individuals (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition in Pan paniscus compared with Homo sapiens has implications for changes during human evolution

Zihlman

Bolter

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The human body has been shaped by natural selection during the past 4-5 million years. Fossils preserve bones and teeth but lack muscle, skin, fat, and organs. To understand the evolution of the human form, information about both soft and hard tissues of our ancestors is needed. Our closest living relatives of the genus Pan provide the best comparative model to those ancestors. Here, we present data on the body composition of 13 bonobos (Pan paniscus) measured during anatomical dissections and compare the data with Homo sapiens. These comparative data suggest that both females and males (i) increased body fat, (ii) decreased relative muscle mass, (iii) redistributed muscle mass to lower limbs, and (iv) decreased relative mass of skin during human evolution. Comparison of soft tissues between Pan and Homo provides new insights into the function and evolution of body composition.body composition | bonobo | Pan paniscus | human evolution | Homo sapiensT he human body has been shaped by natural selection during the past 4-5 million years. The large brain and expanded neurocranium of Homo sapiens (1,100-1,550 cm 3 ) is triple the size of closely related chimpanzees (Pan, 275-420 cm 3 ) and fossil australopithecines (e.g., Australopithecus afarensis AL-444, 550 cm 3 ; Australopithecus africanus Taung, 382 cm 3 ; and Australopithecus sediba MH1, 420 cm 3 ) (1-6). Long lower limbs in humans accommodate habitual bipedality and contrast with the relatively short lower limbs of quadrupedal African apes. These changes in limb proportions can be tracked across millions of years of australopithecine and early Homo remains, (e.g., partial skeletons of Au. afarensis AL-288 "Lucy," Au. africanus STS 14, Homo erectus WT 15000 "Nariokotome Boy") (7-9).Fossils, even relatively complete ones, preserve only bone, one component of body composition and a small proportion of body mass. The remaining muscle, skin, fat, and vital organs that make up the other 85% do not leave a record, although, separately and together, they underpin locomotor activity, energetics, health, and reproduction (10-14). There has been much speculation about their interrelationships. The "expensive tissue hypothesis" attempts to explain the threefold expansion of the human brain (15-18). It argues that because human brain tissue requires a disproportionately high energy supply, its increase during evolution necessitated a compensatory decrease in another component, the gastrointestinal tract (18). Another hypothesis suggests that body fat in australopithecines was as high as the body fat of modern hunter-gatherers (19). Tests of hypotheses about the evolution of body composition require a comparative database, one that includes the major tissues.One way to fill in the missing information is to compare human body composition with the body composition of our closest living relatives, members of the genus Pan (20, 21). Few such comparative data are available on apes (but cf. 22-25). The rarity of apes in captivity, their long lives, and the logistics of obtaining ...

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Contribution of breast volume and weight to body fat distribution in females

Cited by 90 publications

References 10 publications

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

The influence of ageing on bra preferences and self-perception of breasts among mature women

Body composition in Pan paniscus compared with Homo sapiens has implications for changes during human evolution

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