Contributing effect of various washing procedures and additives on the decline pattern of diethofencarb in crown daisy, a model of leafy vegetables

Analytical approach, dissipation pattern and risk assessment of pesticide residue in green leafy vegetables: A comprehensive review

“…The complexity in sample treatment corresponds with the existing matrix interferences and the use of separation techniques, most commonly gas chromatography (Al Mahmud et al, ; D'Antuono et al, ; Farina et al, ; González‐Rodríguez, Rial‐Otero, Cancho‐Grande, & Simal‐Gándara, ; Ikeura, Kobayashi, & Tamaki, ; Park et al, ; Rahman, Sharma, et al, ; Srivastava, Trivedi, Srivastava, Lohani, & Srivastava, ; Tanaka et al, ; Van Dyk, Bouwman, Barnhoorn, & Bornman, ; Walorczyk, ) or liquid chromatography (Farha, Rahman, Abd El‐Aty, Jung, et al, ; Farha, Rahman, Abd El‐Aty, Kim, et al, ; S. W. Kim, Abd El‐Aty, et al, ; S. W. Kim, Rahman, et al, ; Lehotay & Cook, ; Liu et al, ; Pan, Xia, & Liang, ; Park et al, , ; Rahman et al, ; Wołejko et al, ).…”

“…All these factors led to complex matrices. To overcome the inference problems, liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection (LC/UVD) is best (Farha, Rahman, Abd El‐Aty, Jung, et al, ; Farha, Rahman, Abd El‐Aty, Kim, et al, ; Liu et al, ), and to tackle suppression problems, the appropriate method might be LC associated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) (S. W. Kim, Abd El‐Aty, et al, ; S. W. Kim, Rahman, et al, ; Na et al, ; Pan et al, ; Park et al, ; Rahman et al, ; Yang et al, ). Suppression problems increase the limits of quantification (LOQ) to equal to the MRL, which is expected to be 1/10.…”

“…Moreover, the LOQ for many compounds has lessened. Currently, several publications regarding the analysis of pesticide residuals using GC and LC with MS detection have been published (Al Mahmud et al, ; Alder, Greulich, Kempe, & Vieth, ; D'Antuono et al, ; Ferrer, Garcia‐Reyes, Mezcua, Thurman, & Fernández‐Alba, ; Hernández et al, ; S. W. Kim, Abd El‐Aty, et al, ; S. W. Kim, Rahman,et al, ; Leandro, Hancock, Fussell, & Keely, ; Na et al, ; Pan et al, ; Park et al, ; Rahman et al, ; Yang et al, ). Pihlström et al () presented a novel MRM for determining pesticide residue in fruit and vegetable samples using ethyl acetate extraction and by means of LC–MS/MS or GC–MS/MS.…”

“…PHRLs have been established by the National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service (Gimcheon, Republic of Korea) and incorporated with pesticide MRLs to prevent the distribution of agricultural products that exceed the MRLs (Chang et al, ). The PHRL uses an estimate of the pesticide residual quantity applied during the pre‐harvest period and determines the pesticide residual quantity at the time of harvest by calculating the biological half‐life and dissipation constant (Al Mahmud et al, ; Chang et al, ; Chung et al, ; Farha, Rahman, Abd El‐Aty, Jung, et al, ; Farha, Rahman, Abd El‐Aty, Kim, et al, ; Kabir et al, ; Kabir et al, ; S. W. Kim, Abd El‐Aty, et al, ; Namgung et al, ; Park et al, ; Rahman, Na, et al, , , ; Truong et al, ). The PHRL was computed by an automatic computational method using a statistical procedure in SPSS ().…”

Effects of equipments and processing conditions on quality of fresh-cut produce

“…Chlorinated water used for disinfection, has also been found to be effective in removing pesticide residue on the surface of fruits and vegetables (Bajwa and Sandhu, 2014). Nonetheless, loss of pesticide residues on the surface of leafy vegetables is dependent on the solubility of the pesticide in water as described for diethofencarb on crown daisy leaves during washing with stagnant and then running water (Kim et al, 2016). The use of sanitizers alternative to chlorine, as peroxyacetic acid (among the most promising), have been studied as reported in several works (Gonzalez et al, 2004;Gómez-López et al, 2007;Baert et al, 2009;Gil et al, 2009;Vandekinderen et al, 2009).…”