Contraceptive use during lactational amenorrhea

Hight-Laukaran, Virginia; Rutstein, Shea; Labbok, Miriam H.; Ballard, Edward G.

doi:10.1016/0020-7292(96)02671-9

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For example, a study in 18 countries found that the percentage of non-hormonal contraceptive users who were breastfeeding ranged from 7 per cent to 67 per cent (Hight-Laukaran et al 1996). In another study, of nine countries, the percentage of births followed by overlap of post-partum amenorrhea and contraceptive use ranged from 12 per cent to 31 per cent (Curtis 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dynamics of contraceptive use and breastfeeding during the post-partum period in Peru and Indonesia

Becker¹,

Ahmed²

2001

Population Studies

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Dynamics of contraceptive use and breastfeeding during the post-partum period in Peru and Indonesia

Becker¹,

Ahmed²

2001

Population Studies

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“…Exclusive breastfeeding can decrease infant morbidity and mortality (León-Cava et al 2002) and protect infants from HIV for as long as six months (Iliff et al 2005). Moreover, for amenorrheic breastfeed-ing women, avoiding the cost of use of other contraceptive methods could lead to substantial savings for users and programs alike (Hight-Laukaran et al 1996). Logically, therefore, women should be encouraged to practice exclusive breastfeeding of their newborns and, given the little additional effort involved, to use LAM.…”

Section: The Lactational Amenorrhea Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meeting the Family Planning Needs of Postpartum Women

Vernon

2009

Studies in Family Planning

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“…It is commonly known that during the lactation period, there is a decline in the woman's fertility, but the exact conditions must be fulfilled to fully exploit the potential of breastfeeding as a method of contraception [69].…”

Section: Lactational Amenorrhea As Natural Contraceptive Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover

Calik-Ksepka

Stradczuk

Czarnecka

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Lactation is a physiological state of hyperprolactinemia and associated amenorrhea. Despite the fact that exact mechanisms standing behind the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis during lactation are still not clear, a general overview of events leading to amenorrhea may be suggested. Suckling remains the most important stimulus maintaining suppressive effect on ovaries after pregnancy. Breastfeeding is accompanied by high levels of prolactin, which remain higher than normal until the frequency and duration of daily suckling decreases and allows normal menstrual function resumption. Hyperprolactinemia induces the suppression of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons that directly control the pulsatile release of GnRH. Disruption in the pulsatile manner of GnRH secretion results in a strongly decreased frequency of corresponding LH pulses. Inadequate LH secretion and lack of pre-ovulatory surge inhibit the progression of the follicular phase of a menstrual cycle and result in anovulation and amenorrhea. The main consequences of lactational amenorrhea are connected with fertility issues and increased bone turnover. Provided the fulfillment of all the established conditions of its use, the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) efficiently protects against pregnancy. Because of its accessibility and lack of additional associated costs, LAM might be especially beneficial in low-income, developing countries, where modern contraception is hard to obtain. Breastfeeding alone is not equal to the LAM method, and therefore, it is not enough to successfully protect against conception. That is why LAM promotion should primarily focus on conditions under which its use is safe and effective. More studies on larger study groups should be conducted to determine and confirm the impact of behavioral factors, like suckling parameters, on the LAM efficacy. Lactational bone loss is a physiologic mechanism that enables providing a sufficient amount of calcium to the newborn. Despite the decline in bone mass during breastfeeding, it rebuilds after weaning and is not associated with a postmenopausal decrease in BMD and osteoporosis risk. Therefore, it should be a matter of concern only for lactating women with additional risk factors or with low BMD before pregnancy. The review summarizes the effect that breastfeeding exerts on the hypothalamus–pituitary axis as well as fertility and bone turnover aspects of lactational amenorrhea. We discuss the possibility of the use of lactation as contraception, along with this method’s prevalence, efficacy, and influencing factors. We also review the literature on the topic of lactational bone loss: its mechanism, severity, and persistence throughout life.

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Contraceptive use during lactational amenorrhea

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Dynamics of contraceptive use and breastfeeding during the post-partum period in Peru and Indonesia

Dynamics of contraceptive use and breastfeeding during the post-partum period in Peru and Indonesia

Meeting the Family Planning Needs of Postpartum Women

Lactational Amenorrhea: Neuroendocrine Pathways Controlling Fertility and Bone Turnover

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