Contraceptive knowledge and use among low-income Hispanic immigrant women and non-Hispanic women

Gender Equity and Contraceptive Use in China: An Ecological Analysis

“…This is path 'a' in Figure 1. Regional level income, a measure of the material resources of a region, was a possible confounder between gender equity and contraceptive use (path 'c') as more advantaged areas might have higher levels of gender equity as well as a higher prevalence of contraceptive use (UNFPA, 2005;Garcés-Palacio, Altarac, & Scarinci, 2008). Of the five indicators of gender equity, four of them (health, education, employment and political participation) had three components which were derived from the Chinese Centre Government research reports (Women's Studies Institute of China, 2006).…”

“…The authors identified regional-level 'income' as a possible confounder (Figure 1) of the relation between gender equity and contraceptive use because more advantaged areas may have had higher levels of gender equity as well as a higher prevalence of contraceptive use (UNFPA, 2005;Garcés-Palacio, Altarac, & Scarinci, 2008). 'Per capital annual income' in each province was used to measure area-level income.…”

“…Numerous individual factors might affect contraceptive use: age, sex, sexual preference, sexual history, marital status, individual education level, history of intimate partner violence, insurance status, and side effects of contraception (Committee on Public Education, 2001;Garcés-Palacio, Altarac, & Scarinci, 2008;Kaye et al, 2006;Kirkkola et al, 1999;Krings et al, 2008;Short & Kiros, 2002;Stephenson, Koenig, & Ahmed, 2006). Additionally, the number of children in the family may affect the choice of method.…”

“…For example, women who want to have children in the future may choose reversible methods of contraception, such as the oral contraceptive pill or a barrier method, while women who do not want more children are more likely to choose sterilization (Krings et al, 2008). Studies from both resource-constrained and resource-rich countries have shown that even in the different social and cultural contexts, socio-demographic characteristics, such as socioeconomic position including education, employment, and income, as well as race and religion influence contraceptive choice (Angeles, Guilkey, & Mroz, 2003;Garcés-Palacio, Altarac, & Scarinci, 2008;Kelaher, Dunt, & Dodson, 2007;Laskar et al, 2006). The study by Laskar and colleagues (2006) showed that promoting husband-wife communication and women's participation in employment may enhance the use of contraceptives among Bangladeshi women.…”

Pregnancy Intention and Use of Contraception Among Hispanic Women in the United States: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth, 2006–2010

“…34,35 Garces-Palacio et al also evaluated reproductive knowledge and found that Hispanic women scored lower than non-Hispanics. Examples of questions where Hispanics more often gave the incorrect answer included: ''a woman cannot get pregnant if it is her first time to have sex,'' ''a woman cannot get pregnant if her menstrual cycles are irregular,'' and ''if a man pulls out before ejaculation, the woman will not get pregnant.''…”