Gender Equity and Contraceptive Use in China: An Ecological Analysis

Xu, Yao; Bentley, Rebecca; Kavanagh, Anne

doi:10.1080/03630242.2011.623221

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Women's employment did not play a significant role in the increased use of modern contraceptives. This is not in line with the majority of studies that have shown that employment is associated with contraceptive use (Tiruneh et al 2016;Wado 2017;Xu, Bentley, and Kavanagh 2011). The insignificant correlation in our study might be explained by several factors.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Women’s employment and family planning in rural Uganda

Broeck

2019

Women & Health

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Despite impressive progress in increasing contraceptive use in developing countries during recent decades, the uptake has lagged behind in Africa. One of the most critical factors in raising the use of contraception is women's employment status. This study analyzed the link between women's employment and family planning in rural Uganda and addressed shortcomings in the literature by using nationally representative panel data from the 2010 and 2012 rounds of the Uganda National Panel Survey for 800 women aged 15-49 years, and estimating heterogeneous effects for different types of employment and across socioeconomic characteristics. Employment was not associated with greater use of modern contraceptives, but off-farm wage-employed women were more likely to use traditional contraception. The correlation of employment was strongest for women who had reached their desired fertility status, but became insignificant for poorer women who lived in remote areas. However, likely due to the ineffectiveness of traditional methods, off-farm wage employment was not associated with greater spacing between births. Our findings implied that providing rural employment opportunities for women is insufficient to increase the uptake of modern contraceptives. To enhance the effectiveness of family planning programs, health-care officers should target off-farm wage-employed women to address their unmet contraceptive needs.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Women’s employment and family planning in rural Uganda

Broeck

2019

Women & Health

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“…It is argued that contraceptive use is highly dependent on women's capability to make decisions about their own fertility (Xu et al 2011) and, in order to realize their personal and professional aspirations, women should be able to plan if and when they want to have a child (IPPF 2015). Accordingly, limited use of modern contraception can be interpreted as a manifestation of inequality in women's status (Serbanescu et al 2004) and an inability to negotiate otherwise (Bentley and Kavanagh 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender inequality and the ‘East-West’ divide in contraception: An analysis at the individual, the couple, and the country level

Dereuddre

Velde

Bracke

2016

Social Science & Medicine

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Despite generally low fertility rates in Europe, contraceptive behavior varies to a substantial extent. The dichotomy between Western, and Central and Eastern European countries is particularly relevant.Whereas the former are characterized by the widespread use of modern contraception, the latter show a high prevalence of traditional methods to control fertility. The current study aims to examine whether these differences can be attributed to differences in women's individual status, and in gender inequality at the couple and the country level. We combine data from the Generations and Gender Survey it is shown that higher levels of country-level gender equality are associated with a higher likelihood of using modern reversible and female methods, but not sterilization. Particularly country levels of gender equality are linked to the East-West divide in type of contraceptive method used. Our findings underscore that women's higher status is closely related to their use of effective, female contraception.

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“…Maternal syphilis prevalence was 0.2% (IQR, 0.06-1.1). Both the percentage of no screening and no treatment were low (10% [IQR, and 7% [IQR, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], respectively). Congenital syphilis rate was 70 (IQR, 8-519) cases/100,000 (Table 1).…”

Section: Syphilismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,[7][8][9][10] In addition, gender inequality was associated with lower prevalence of contraceptive use among adolescents, increased adolescent birth rate, and increased neonatal, infant, and under 5-year mortalities. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Vertical transmission, which is known as motherto-child transmission, influences childrens' health and includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis. [17][18][19] Preventing delivery with unknown infections and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) are required to save children and eradicate vertically transmitted infections from the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Equity and Vertically Transmitted Infections: A Country-Level Analysis Across 153 Countries

et al. 2021

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Purpose: Gender inequality is a barrier to education toward women and accessibility to health facilities, which are important for preventing vertical transmission. This study was conducted to analyze the impact of gender equity on vertically transmitted infections (hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], and syphilis) using country-level indicators. Methods: The relationship between the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI), which is indicator of gender equity, and vertical transmission was analyzed. GGGI scores were collected from 153 countries in 2020. Vertical transmission included 10 outcomes for hepatitis viruses, HIV, and syphilis. Generalized linear model (GLM) was used for analyzing the relationship. Other predictors included skilled birth attendant and country income. Results: The median GGGI score was 0.706 (interquartile range, 0.664–0.736). GLM showed that the GGGI score was significantly associated with the incidence of both chronic hepatitis B and C in under 5 years (both p <0.001). For HIV, GGGI score was significantly associated with the pregnant women with unknown HIV status ( p =0.001), no early infant diagnosis ( p =0.027), and final transmission rate ( p =0.005). There was no significant predictor for pregnant women who have not received antiretroviral therapy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. All syphilis indicators have improved in high-income countries compared to low-income countries. GGGI score had a significant association only with no syphilis screening ( p <0.001). Conclusions: A lower GGGI score was associated with higher vertical transmission of hepatitis and HIV. The improvement of gender equity might prevent vertical transmission of these viruses. Further intervention studies are warranted to verify the results.

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Gender Equity and Contraceptive Use in China: An Ecological Analysis

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Women’s employment and family planning in rural Uganda

Women’s employment and family planning in rural Uganda

Gender inequality and the ‘East-West’ divide in contraception: An analysis at the individual, the couple, and the country level

Gender Equity and Vertically Transmitted Infections: A Country-Level Analysis Across 153 Countries

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