2013
DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001451
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Continuous real-time photoacoustic demodulation via field programmable gate array for dynamic imaging of zebrafish cardiac cycle

Abstract: A four dimensional data set of the cardiac cycle of a zebrafish embryo was acquired using postacquisition synchronization of real time photoacoustic b-scans. Utilizing an off-axis photoacoustic microscopy (OA-PAM) setup, we have expanded upon our previous work with OA-PAM to develop a system that can sustain 100 kHz line rates while demodulating the bipolar photoacoustic signal in real-time. Real-time processing was accomplished by quadrature demodulation on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) in line with … Show more

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Cited by 13 publications
(11 citation statements)
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“…This discrepancy is mainly caused by the unflatten MEMS scanner surface and mismatch of reflective indexes among air, glass and water in the light path. As shown in Figure C, the FWHM of the Gaussian‐fitted axial profile of a typical depth‐resolved PA signal is ~104 μm, which agrees well with the theoretical axial resolution (105 μm) calculated using the given center frequency and bandwidth of the transducer .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 83%
“…This discrepancy is mainly caused by the unflatten MEMS scanner surface and mismatch of reflective indexes among air, glass and water in the light path. As shown in Figure C, the FWHM of the Gaussian‐fitted axial profile of a typical depth‐resolved PA signal is ~104 μm, which agrees well with the theoretical axial resolution (105 μm) calculated using the given center frequency and bandwidth of the transducer .…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 83%
“…successfully tracked genetically expressed fluorescence proteins in the exocrine pancreas of the adult zebrafish via dual-wavelength PAI [28]. Applegate and Zhou fabricated new acoustic transducers which were utilized to detect the photoacoustic signals of the zebrafish heart with a high temporal resolution [29,30]. Li, for the first time, applied the transmissionmode ORPAM to visualize the microvascular network of the zebrafish larvae at a lateral resolution of 6 μm [7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The axial resolution of the system is approximately 92 m determined by the center frequency of the transducer. 27 The maximum penetration depth for human hair is measured to be more than 15 mm. As shown in Figs. 2(e) and 2(f), both photoacoustic and ultrasound signals have the best signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 32 dB and 34 dB at the acoustic focus, and both SNRs deteriorate when the targets locate o® the focus.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%