Continuous flow synthesis of HMF from glucose using gadolinium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate in Brønsted acidic ionic liquid as a catalytic system

An efficient and practical approach for the continuous‐flow synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from carbohydrates using an acidic ionic liquid

“…21,22 In recent years, the use of ILs as media for fructose dehydration has attracted increased attention as a result of the growing concern over damage to the environment. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Zhao and coworkers studied IL generated by 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride with metal salts for converting 5-HMF from glucose. The highest efficiency was 70% at 80 °C for 3 h using CrCl 2 .…”

“…50 Recently, there has been increasing research on converting carbohydrates to 5-HMF or viable chemicals using a continuous-flow system. 26,31,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] Souzanchi et al used niobium phosphate to convert glucose to 5-HMF, and found the highest 5-HMF yield of 45% at 150 °C. 61 Tongtummachat et al reported the novel continuous synthesis of 5-HMF from sucrose with reaction conditions of 120 °C for 30 min, sucrose concentration 5 g L −1 , organic/aqueous volumetric ratio 0.125:1, using ion-exchange resins as catalyst, which accounted for 64.8% of the yield of 5-HMF.…”

“…Ionic liquids (ILs) are potential green solvents to replace existing volatile organic solvents because they may overcome solvent safety difficulties related to flammability and low vapor pressure 21,22 . In recent years, the use of ILs as media for fructose dehydration has attracted increased attention as a result of the growing concern over damage to the environment 23‐34 . Zhao and coworkers studied IL generated by 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride with metal salts for converting 5‐HMF from glucose.…”

“…Recently, there has been increasing research on converting carbohydrates to 5‐HMF or viable chemicals using a continuous‐flow system 26,31,51‐60 . Souzanchi et al .…”

Efficient Conversion of Monosaccharides into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Using Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvents

“…From fructose, the yield of HMF obtained was 82% at 160 • C for 60 min; from starch, 45% at 190 • C for 60 min; from glucose, 55% at 190 • C for 60 min; and from microcrystalline cellulose, 26% at 200 • C for 80 min [19]. Low yield and difficulty in product separation are two issues that arise throughout the process of converting glucose into HMF [20][21][22][23]. Glucose undergoes isomerization to form fructose, then fructose dehydration to form HMF (Scheme 1).…”