Continuous dynamics in the real-time perception of race

Freeman, Jonathan B.; Pauker, Kristin; Apfelbaum, Evan P.; Ambady, Nalini

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.10.002

Cited by 112 publications

(133 citation statements)

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“…Simultaneously and partially active stereotype knowledge belonging to multiple social categories was triggered across ongoing perceptual accrual of the face, and this fluctuating mixture settled over time onto ultimate judgments of others. A mouse-tracking paradigm has also been recently used to explore the time course of race categorization (Freeman, Pauker, Apfelbaum, & Ambady, 2010) and social attitude activation (Wojnowicz, Ferguson, Dale, & Spivey, 2009).…”

Section: Tufts University Medford Massachusettsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, all trajectories are rescaled into a standard MouseTracker coordinate space, which we have used in prior work (Freeman & Ambady, 2009;Freeman et al, 2008;Freeman et al, 2010). A diagram of this coordinate space appears in Figure 2.…”

Section: What Are Mouse Trajectory Data and How Are They Analyzed?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hypothesis testing can then be performed on mean trajectory data and various analyses can be conducted. See the analyses conducted in prior mouse-tracking studies for more information (Dale et al, 2007;Dale et al, 2008;Farmer et al, 2007;Freeman & Ambady, 2009;Freeman et al, 2008;Freeman et al, 2010;McKinstry et al, 2008;Spivey et al, 2005;Wojnowicz et al, 2009). …”

Section: Exporting Finalized Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method

Freeman

Ambady

2010

Behavior Research Methods

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Section: Tufts University Medford Massachusettsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Are Mouse Trajectory Data and How Are They Analyzed?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exporting Finalized Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method

Freeman

Ambady

2010

Behavior Research Methods

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“…Recently, distributional analyses have become increasingly important with the advent of more continuous, temporally fine-grained measures that index participants' tentative commitments to various response alternatives during online processing. For example, in studies recording hand movement trajectories (via a computer mouse, wireless remote, or electromagnetic position tracker), analysis of a response distribution's modality has been crucial in distinguishing between accounts of categorization (Dale, Kehoe, & Spivey, 2007;Freeman & Ambady, 2009, 2011bFreeman et al, 2008;Freeman, Pauker, Apfelbaum, & Ambady, 2010), language processing (Dale & Duran, 2011;Farmer et al, 2007;Spivey, Grosjean, & Knoblich, 2005), decision making (McKinstry, Dale, & Spivey, 2008), learning (Dale, Roche, Snyder, & McCall, 2008), visual search (Song & Nakayama, 2008), and attentional control (Song & Nakayama, 2006). We take this particular methodology as one especially ripe for investigating measures of bimodality and for distinguishing between single-process and dual-process phenomena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing bimodality to detect the presence of a dual cognitive process

2012

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Researchers have long sought to distinguish between single-process and dual-process cognitive phenomena, using responses such as reaction times and, more recently, hand movements. Analysis of a response distribution's modality has been crucial in detecting the presence of dual processes, because they tend to introduce bimodal features. Rarely, however, have bimodality measures been systematically evaluated. We carried out tests of readily available bimodality measures that any researcher may easily employ: the bimodality coefficient (BC), Hartigan's dip statistic (HDS), and the difference in Akaike's information criterion between one-component and two-component distribution models (AIC diff ). We simulated distributions containing two response populations and examined the influences of (1) the distances between populations, (2) proportions of responses, (3) the amount of positive skew present, and (4) sample size. Distance always had a stronger effect than did proportion, and the effects of proportion greatly differed across the measures. Skew biased the measures by increasing bimodality detection, in some cases leading to anomalous interactive effects. BC and HDS were generally convergent, but a number of important discrepancies were found. AIC diff was extremely sensitive to bimodality and identified nearly all distributions as bimodal. However, all measures served to detect the presence of bimodality in comparison to unimodal simulations. We provide a validation with experimental data, discuss methodological and theoretical implications, and make recommendations regarding the choice of analysis.

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“…35 Continuous response trajectories' amount and structure of variability also embody the uncertainty and increased certainty that respectively characterize early and later stages of learning in a paired-associate memory task, 36 deception, 130 and a variety of factors related to social cognition. [131][132][133][134] The results of these and other dense-sampling studies initiated fruitful exchanges about the implications of this work for cognitive science and, in particular, for dynamical interpretations of cognitive processes.16,124 Apparently, cognitive processing does not necessarily arise in singular, discrete, punctate (or nearly so) steps, but rather it unfolds continuously over time. The time scales in question here are very rapid compared to the time scale of a motor behavior or of a social interaction, for example, but, nevertheless, cognition is apparently no less dynamical than other behaviors with long-recognized dynamics.…”

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Dynamics of cognition

Riley

Holden

2012

WIRES Cognitive Science

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The application of dynamical systems methods and concepts to cognitive phenomena has broadened the range of testable hypotheses and theoretical narratives available to cognitive scientists. Most research in cognitive dynamics tests the degree to which observed cognitive performance is consistent with one or another core phenomena associated with complex dynamical systems, such as tests for phase transitions, coupling among processes, or scaling laws. Early applications of dynamical systems theory to perceptual-motor performance and developmental psychology paved the way for more recent applications of dynamical systems analyses, models, and theoretical concepts in areas such as learning, memory, speech perception, decision making, problem solving, and reading, among others. Reviews of the empirical results of both foundational and contemporary cognitive dynamics are provided. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. How to cite this article:WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:593-606. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1200 INTRODUCTION Adynamical system is simply one that changes over time (see Box 1). It is apparent that many of the processes cognitive scientists study-development, learning, the spread of activation in a semantic network, changing patterns of cortical activity, motor behavior, and so on-are intrinsically dynamical. Dynamical systems theory supplies new tools and concepts for understanding these and other cognitive phenomena. The theory offers a full complement of analytical methods (e.g., nonlinear time series analyses) and modeling strategies (e.g., differential equations). Most importantly, it motivates novel theoretical and empirical questions: One may explore the relative stability of a cognitive activity, test for meta-or multi-stability, or test for empirical patterns consistent with scaling behavior, emergence, and self-organization.These kinds of questions complement those posed by mainstream cognitive science-which traditionally has emphasized static properties of mind such as symbolic representations or structural mechanisms of information processing-by focusing explicitly on change 1-9 (see, e.g., Elman 10 for a dynamical interpretation of connectionist models). Much work in cognitive dynamics was inspired by parallel * Correspondence to: michael.riley@uc.edu Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA efforts to understand the dynamics of perceptionaction. [11][12][13][14][15] Early and significant progress emerged in the domain of motor coordination, where the behavioral phenomena were more obviously dynamical and high-resolution measurement technologies were more readily available. 16 The dynamical account of interlimb rhythmic coordination 12,14 is an example of an early success.Research in cognitive dynamics is often allied with some version of embodiment. [17][18][19][20][21] Dynamical systems were sometimes framed as replacements for computational-representational accounts, 8,19 as distinct but complementary, 22 or even as consistent with inform...

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Continuous dynamics in the real-time perception of race

Cited by 112 publications

References 36 publications

MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method

MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method

Assessing bimodality to detect the presence of a dual cognitive process

Dynamics of cognition

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