Continuous chaotic bioprinting of skeletal muscle-like constructs

Scaffolding Biomaterials for 3D Cultivated Meat: Prospects and Challenges

“…Hydrogels have several uses for tissue engineering. They can be used as a soft 3D ECM‐like environment, [ 115 , 119 , 226 , 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 , 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 , 238 , 239 ] as a 3D matrix filler inside porous scaffolds, [ 240 ] as components of bioinks, [ 34 , 121 , 187 , 222 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 , 245 , 246 ] as thin membranes which may be microstructured to produce alignment of cells, [ 126 , 247 ] or as source material to develop porous scaffolds. [ 23 , 248 , 249 ] For the first three uses, cytocompatible gelation is essential, as the cells are introduced into the hydrogel liquid solution before the hydrogel solidifies.…”

“…Food‐safe, phase‐separated inks composed of a mixture of whey protein isolate and gellan gum have been investigated for their potential use in food bioprinting applications. [ 259 ] Collagen/gelatin [ 121 , 187 , 243 , 244 ] and hyaluronic acid, [ 260 ] both of which are naturally found in mammalian tissues, have also been investigated as bioinks or components of bioinks. Vivax Bio, a subsidiary of 3D Bioprinting Solutions, is focused on CM‐specific applications of the parent company's 3D bioprinting technology.…”

“…Bioprinting (see Section 4.5 ) can also be used to introduce anisotropy. [ 187 ] For example, tissue‐engineered muscle constructs have been printed using alternating stripes of fibrinogen‐based bioink containing muscle progenitor cells and sacrificial gelatin to induce alignment and provide channels for oxygen and nutrient transport. [ 34 , 241 ] Printed constructs of 15 mm 3 were able to survive for at least six days in vitro and eight weeks in vivo and showed strong alignment of muscle fibers and expression of muscle‐specific markers, whereas nonprinted control constructs containing the same hydrogels and cells showed lower survival, little to no alignment, and poor expression of muscle markers.…”

Engineering bioactive synthetic polymers for biomedical applications: a review with emphasis on tissue engineering and controlled release

“…In recent years, researchers have extensively utilized 3D printing for the biofabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds, as 3D printing can fabricate complex scaffolds at the micro-and macro-scale in an easy, low-cost process. 84,[151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158] To date, 3D printing represents a major scaffold production technology, and an enormous number of papers now describe constructs achieved with different SyPs and their composites. In silico designed shapes, sizes, spatial dependence, and pore topologies that are impossible to produce in alternative ways can be extremely easily produced by AM, virtually without any limitation.…”

“…That is the case of microfluidics 310 or 3D bioprinting which are just gaining momentum. New 3D printing strategies such as chaotic printing process, [151][152][153][154]157,311 the use of chaotic flows instead of layer by layer deposition to produced multilayered microstructures, may be a powerful enabler in the near future for the engineering of SyP-based scaffolds for tissue engineering.…”