“…After that, the prepared vesicle solutions were extruded 20 times through 50-nm-diameter pores (PC membrane, Avanti Polar Lipids Inc., USA) to prepare uniformly sized, small unilamellar vesicles (SUV; 0.1 mg mL −1 ). The 50-nm-diameter SUVs spontaneously rupture on a hydrophilic SiO 2 surface and form a uniform and defect-free SLB patch on the SiO 2 surface of the EG 33 , 34 . For negative controls for biotin–avidin binding, Cholera toxin subunit B proteins (CTxB, Invitrogen, USA, MW= 12 kDa) specifically bound to ganglioside GM1 lipids were used.…”