Contingent Negative Variation : An Electric Sign of Sensori-Motor Association and Expectancy in the Human Brain

Walter, W. Grey; Cooper, R.; Aldridge, V.J.; McCallum, W.C.; Winter, Audrey

doi:10.1038/203380a0

Cited by 2,235 publications

(1,114 citation statements)

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“…The N400 effects differed in magnitude although the (button press) responses were the same for both error types, and in Experiment 1, N400 effects were also obtained in the absence of a motor response. Furthermore, the obtained ERP effects are not comparable to known ERP components of motor responses regarding their polarity, magnitude and component shape (Kornhuber, and Deecke, 1965;Walter, Cooper, Aldridge, McCallum, and Winter, 1964).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Event-related brain potentials during the monitoring of speech errors

et al. 2009

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oWhen we perceive speech, our goal is to extract the meaning of the verbal message which includes semantic processing. However, how deeply do we process speech in different situations? In two experiments, native Dutch participants heard spoken sentences describing simultaneously presented pictures. Sentences either correctly described the pictures or contained an anomalous final word (i.e. a semantically or phonologically incongruent word). In the first experiment, spoken sentences were task-irrelevant and both anomalous conditions elicited similar centro-parietal N400s that were larger in amplitude than the N400 for the correct condition. In the second experiment, we ensured that participants processed the same stimuli semantically. In an early time window, we found similar phonological mismatch negativities for both anomalous conditions compared to the correct condition. These negativities were followed by an N400 that was larger for semantic than phonological errors. Together, these data suggest that we process speech semantically, even if the speech is task-irrelevant. Once listeners allocate more cognitive resources to the processing of speech, we suggest that they make predictions for upcoming words, presumably by means of the production system and an internal monitoring loop, to facilitate lexical processing of the perceived speech.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Event-related brain potentials during the monitoring of speech errors

et al. 2009

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“…As such, the fronto-centrally localized CNV is unlikely to be associated with the BP. A slow build-up of negativity or the 'type B CNV (Tecce, 1972)', is observed when participants are certain of the next stimulus' onset; its peak would be close to the forthcoming stimulus onset (so called, 'expectancy wave'; Walter et al, 1964). We observed that the CNV-like negativity was more rapidly formed in the tapping negative condition compared with the tapping positive condition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Contingent negative variation (CNV) associated with sensorimotor timing error correction

et al. 2016

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Introduction: Detection and subsequent correction of sensorimotor timing errors is fundamental to adaptive behavior. Using scalp-recorded event-related potentials (ERPs), we sought to find ERP components that are predictive of error correction performance during rhythmic movements.Method: Healthy right-handed participants were asked to synchronize their finger taps to a regular tone sequence (every 600 ms), whilst EEG data were continuously recorded. Data from 15 participants were analyzed. Occasional irregularities were built into stimulus presentation timing: 90 ms before (advances: negative shift) or after (delays: positive shift) the expected time point. A tapping condition alternated with a listening condition in which identical stimulus sequence was presented but participants did not tap.Results: Behavioral error correction was observed immediately following a shift, with a degree of over-correction with positive shifts. Our stimulus-locked ERP data analysis revealed, 1) increased auditory N1 amplitude for the positive shift condition and decreased auditory N1 modulation for the negative shift condition; and 2) a second enhanced negativity (N2) in the tapping positive condition, compared with the tapping negative condition. In response-locked epochs, we observed a CNV (contingent negative variation)-like negativity with earlier latency in the tapping negative condition compared with the tapping positive condition. This CNV-like negativity peaked at around the onset of subsequent tapping, with the earlier the peak, the better the error correction performance with the negative shifts while the later the peak, the better the error correction performance with the positive shifts.Discussion: This study showed that the CNV-like negativity was associated with the error correction performance during our sensorimotor synchronization study. Auditory N1 and N2 were differentially involved in negative vs. positive error correction. However, we did not find 3 evidence for their involvement in behavioral error correction. Overall, our study provides the basis from which further research on the role of the CNV in perceptual and motor timing can be developed.

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“…CNVs are negative going potentials that develop when there is a fixed time interval between the onset of two stimuli (Walter et al, 1964;Brunia and van Boxtel, 2001). This happens here between distractors and primes.…”

Section: Distractor N400smentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge inhibition and N400: A within- and a between-subjects study with distractor words

et al. 2008

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We tested whether the N400 event-related potential (ERP) indexes the integration of semantic knowledge in the context or whether it indexes the inhibition of activated, but inappropriate, knowledge. A distractor-prime-target word sequence was presented in each trial. Subjects had to make semantic relatedness judgments on prime-target pairs. In the first experiment, subjects had an additional task. They either had to ignore or to attend to distractors. In critical conditions, that is, when distractors were related to targets, the times to make the prime-target semantic relatedness judgments were longer when subjects had to attend to distractors than when they had to ignore them. In accordance with the inhibition hypothesis, the amplitudes of the N400 elicited by distractors were larger in the ignore than in the attend task. In the second experiment, the same distractor-prime-target triplets were used. However, there was no additional task. Subjects only had to make the prime-target semantic-relatedness judgment. They were then split in two subgroups: the good ignorers, who did not take much longer to make the judgment in critical than in control conditions, and the poor ignorers, that is, those who did take much longer. Results were again consistent with the inhibition idea. The amplitudes of the N400s evoked by distractors were larger in the good than in the poor ignorers. The results of these two studies are taken together to support the idea that N400 index a semantic inhibition rather than an integration effort. IntroductionThe N400 is a brain potential that is elicited by the presentation of potentially meaningful stimuli in tasks that do not focus on the elementary physical features of these stimuli. Several hypotheses as to the nature of the computations performed by the brain process that are responsible for this potential have been proposed. Recently, some consideration has been given to the possibility that the N400 potential indexes not only activation but also inhibition processes (Barber et al., 2004;

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Contingent Negative Variation : An Electric Sign of Sensori-Motor Association and Expectancy in the Human Brain

Cited by 2,235 publications

References 2 publications

Event-related brain potentials during the monitoring of speech errors

Event-related brain potentials during the monitoring of speech errors

Contingent negative variation (CNV) associated with sensorimotor timing error correction

Knowledge inhibition and N400: A within- and a between-subjects study with distractor words

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